Karakterizacija i ocjena oplemenjivačke vrijednosti lokalnih populacija smiljkite (Lotus corniculatus L.) iz Bosne i Hercegovine

Abstract

Obavljena istraživanja pripadaju oblasti genetičkih resursa krmnog bilja i selekciji prikupljenog materijala smiljkite. Na teritoriji Bosne i Hercegovine i to pretežno Republike Srpske, izvršeno je prikupljanje lokalnih genotipova i ekotipova smiljkite (žutog zvjezdana, Lotus corniculatus L.). Prikupljeno i analizirano je 28 prinova. Utvrđene su njihove karakteristike i procjenjena oplemenjivačka vrijednost. Istraživanja su izvedena u dvije faze od kojih je prva faza obuhvatila prikupljanje prinova smiljkite, a druga postavljanje ogleda za ispitivanje i selekcionisanje prikupljenog materijala, te laboratorijsko analiziranje. Postavljenjem ogledu populacijskih linija sa ex situ kolekcijom (28 prinova) trogodišnjim praćenjem, mjeranjem i analiziranjem svojstava biljaka u kolekciji su dobijena perspektivna potomstva za dalji oplemenjivački proces. Od ukupno prikupljenog i analiziranog materijala za dalji oplemenjivački proces korišćeno je sjeme 7 prinova od 28 ili 25 % od prikupljenog materijala. Sjeme 7 perspektivnih genotipova ispitano je kroz tri vegetacione sezone u polycross ogledu kombinujući po 5 različitih genotipova u jednoj kombinaciji po slučajnom blok sistemu u 4 ponavljanja sa 7 varijanti. Analizom podataka polycross ogledu konstatovana je razlika u prinosu sjemena i zelene mase između polycross kombinacija. Najviši prosječan prinos zelene mase u drugoj i trećoj godini korišćenja izmjeren je kod genotipa 2 (329 g/biljci), a kod tog genotipa konstatovana je visoka produkcija sjemena u drugoj (17,26 g/biljci) i trećoj (7,48 g/biljci) godini korišćenja. Sjetvom sjemena polycross kombinacija i sorte standarda u komparativniom ogled i ispitivanjem proizvodnih rezultata i nutritivne vrijednosti 7 novoformiranih sinteka i sorte standarda konstatovan je visok stepen produkcije i dobra nutritivna vrijednost ispitivanih sintetika. Najveći prosječan prinos zelene mase u oba analizirana otkosa ostvaren je kod sintetika 1 u količini od 22,93 t ha -1 što je za 12, 6 % više od standarda. Kod svih analiziranih genotipova konstatovana je visoka produkcija sjemena. Sa produkcijom sjemena kod sintetika 5 od 280,5 kg ha-1 ostvaren je prinos za 14 % veći od standarda. Sadržaj sirovih proteina novoselekcionisanih sintetika u prvom otkosu kretao se u intervalu 16,16-21,55 %, dok je u drugom otkosu imao vrijednost 16,48-18,86. Kod novoselektovanih sintetika uočena je značajna korelativna veza između broja mahuna i prinosa sjemena (0,83*) kao i između visine biljke i procenta sirove celuloze (0,73*). Grupisanje genotipova klaster analizom ima značaj za izbor roditelja kod planskih ukrštanja. Predstavnici determinisanih podgrupa su izabrani za kombinacijska ukrštanja u polycross ogledu. Koeficijent heritabilnosti za prinos zelene mase, broja stabala i visine biljke kretao se u intervalu 50 – 81%. Izračunata je potencijalna genetička dobit od selekcije koja nam omogućava odabir roditelja u cilju dobijanja maksimalne rekombinantne divergentnosti i fenotipsko-genetičke ekspresivnosti svojstava.

The conducted research belong to the field of genetic resources of forage plants and the selection of the material was collected of Birdsfoot Trefoil. Collection were carried out of local genotypes and ecotypes of Birdsfoot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, mostly in Republic of Srpska. The 28 acquisition collected and analyzed. Their characteristics are defined and estimated breeding value. The research was conducted in two phases of which the first phase included collecting Birdsfoot Trefoil acquisition, and the other, set up experiments for testing and selection activities of the collected material, and laboratory analysis.By establishing trial line of population with ex situ collections ( 28 acquisitions ) through of the three-years monitoring, and analysis of measurement properties of the plants in the collection are obtained perspective progenies for further breeding process. Of the total collected and analyzed material for further breeding process, the seven seed acquisition of 28 or 25 % of the collected material was used. Seeds of seven prospective genotypes were tested through three growing seasons in polycross experiment by combining five different genotypes in one combination in a randomized block design with four replications with seven treatments. By data analysis of polycross experiment, observed the difference in seed yield and green matter between polycross combination.The highest average yield of green mass in the second and third years of use was measured in genotype 2 ( 329 g / plant ), and at same genotype diagnosed a high production of seeds in the second ( 17.26 g / plant ) and third (7.48 g / plant ) years of use. By sowing seeds of polycross combination and standard cultivar in comparative field trial and testing of production results and nutritive value of seven newly formed synthetic and standard cultivar, a high level of production and good nutritional value of the tested synthetic was detected. The highest average yield of green mass in analyzes of both cuttings was recorded for Synthetics 1 in an amount of 22.93 t ha-1 which is 12, 6 % more than the standard. At all of the analyzed genotypes, high seed production is measured. With the production seeds of Synthetic 5, (280.5 kg ha – 1) yield of seeds was 14% higher than the standard. The crude protein content of the newly synthetics in the first cut was in range from 16.16 to 21.55 %, while in the second cut from 16.48 to 18.86%. With the new selected synthetics there was a significant correlation between the number of pods and seed yield (0.83 *) and between plant height and percent crude fiber (0.73*). Grouping of genotypes of cluster analysis is important for the choice of parents in planning the crossing. Representatives of the determined sub-groups for the combination of crossing in the polycross experiment were selected. The coefficient of heritability for yield of green mass, number of stems and plant height ranged 50-81%. The potential genetic gain from selection, which allows selecting the parents in order to obtain the maximum recombinant phenotypic diversity and genetic expressivity properties, was calculated.