Uticaj telesne mase, nivoa triptofana i određenih faktora sredine na ponašanje i proizvodne rezultate prasadi u periodu zalučenja

Abstract

Istraživanje je sprovedeno prema postavljenom cilju na eksperimentalnoj farmi Instituta za stočarstvo, Beograd - Zemun. Istraživanje je obuhvatalo 432 zalučene prasadi oba pola, rasa veliki jorkšir i švedski landras, kao i meleze tih rasa. Prasad su uvedena u istraživanje nakon odbijanja (u starosti od 30 dana), kada su izmerene telesne mase. Na osnovu telesne mase i pola su formirane homogene grupe (osim u tretmanu sa neujednačenim telesnim masama). U svakoj grupi je bilo po 7 jedinki (4 muška i 3 ženska praseta), osim u trećem tretmanu, kada je bio ispitivan uticaj gustine naseljenosti. Ispitivanja su trajala do šestog dana po zalučenju, kada je bilo i završno merenje telesne mase. Svi tretmani podrazumevali su formiranje 4 grupe prasadi - kontrolna (KG) i ispitivane grupe (IG1, IG2 i IG3) prema sledećem rasporedu: u prvom tretmanu koristio se L-triptofan kao dodatak potpunoj smeši u 3 različite koncentracije (za IG1, IG2 i IG3, redom: 0,1%, 0,2% i 0,3% u starter-smešama sa početkom od 10 dana pre uvođenja u istraživanje i tokom trajanja istraživanja); u drugom tretmanu se pratio uticaj intenziteta osvetljenja (KG - 60 lx, pojačano osvetljenje za IG1 i IG2 - 100 i 150 lx, redom, i smanjeno osvetljenje za IG3 - 40 lx); u trećem tretmanu je bio ispitivan uticaj gustine naseljenosti (KG -7, povećana gustina naseljenosti za IG3 i IG2 – 11 i 9 prasadi, smanjena za IG1 – 5 prasadi u kavezu); u četvrtom se pratio uticaj telesne mase (KG – 7 prasadi približne telesne mase, za IG1 – 2 teža i 5 lakših prasadi, za IG2 - 3 teža i 4 lakša praseta, i IG3 - 5 težih i 2 lakša praseta); i u petom tretmanu se ispitivao uticaj obogaćenja sredine (crvena lopta prečnika 10 cm sa kracima (IG1), pamučna užad dužine 40 cm okačena za stranice kaveza (IG2) i slama 200g dnevno na punom delu poda (IG3)) na ponašanje i proizvodne rezultate. Tokom istraživanja praćeni su prozvodni parametri (konzumacija hrane, dnevni prirast i konverzija hrane), kompletno ponašanje (pomoću kamera) i parametri krvi (Pig-MAP, laktati i haptoglobin). Dodatak triptofana u standardnu farmsku smešu nije značajno uticao na proizvodne parametre i na parametre krvi, ali je imao pozitivan efekat na izmenu obrazaca ponašanja kod prasadi. Različiti intenziteti osvetljenja nisu značajno uticali na proizvodne parametre i ponašanje kod prasadi, ali su značajno uticali (p<0,05) na koncentraciju laktata u krvi. Povećana gustina naseljenosti je značajno pozitivno uticala na proizvodne parametre (prosečan dnavni prirast i konverziju hrane) (p<0,05) i na koncentraciju Pig-Map-a u krvi (p<0,05; p<0,01), dok je negativno uticala na pojavu agresije i griže kod prasadi (p<0,05). Telesna masa je značajno i veoma značajno uticala na koncentraciju Pig-MAP-a (p<0,05; p<0,01) i laktata (p<0,05) između ispitivanih grupa. Obogađivanje sredine je značajno uticalo (p<0,05) na smanjenje broja konflikata i griže između ispitivanih grupa prasadi. Slama se pokazala kao najbolji material za obogaćivanje sredine u istraživanju. Obogaćivanje sredine je pozitivno uticalo (p<0,05) na poboljšanje aftektivnih stanja kod prasadi tokom prvih 24 časa nakon formiranja grupa.

According to the set goal, the research was carried out at the experimental farm of the Institute for Animal Husbandry, Belgrade - Zemun. The research included 432 reared piglets of both sexes, Large White and Swedish Landrace breeds, as well as their crossbreeds. Piglets were introduced into the research after weaning (at the age of 30 days) when their body weights were measured. Homogeneous groups were formed based on body mass and gender (except in the trial with uneven body mass). There were 7 individuals in each group (4 male and 3 female pigs), except in the third treatment when the influence of population density was examined. The examinations lasted until the sixth day after the mixing when the final measurement of body weight took place. All treatments were based on the formation of 4 groups of piglets - control (KG) and test groups (IG1, IG2 and IG3) according to the following schedule: in the first treatment, L-tryptophan was used as an addition to the complete mixture in 3 different concentrations (for IG1, IG2 and IG3 , respectively: 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% in starter-mixtures starting 10 days before introduction into the experiment and during the research); in the second treatment, the influence of lighting intensity was monitored (KG - 60 lx, increased lighting for IG1 and IG2 - 100 and 150 lx, and reduced lighting for IG3 - 40 lx); in the third treatment, the influence of population density was examined (KG -7, increased population density for IG3 and IG2 – 11 and 9 piglets, decreased for IG1 – 5 piglets in a cage); in the fourth, the influence of body weight was monitored (KG - 7 piglets of similar body weight, for IG1 - 2 heavier and 5 lighter piglets, for IG2 - 3 heavier and 4 lighter piglets, and IG3 - 5 heavier and 2 lighter piglets); and in the fifth treatment, the influence of environmental enrichment (a red ball with arms with a diameter of 10 cm (IG1), cotton ropes 40 cm long suspended from the sides of the cage (IG2) and straw 200g per day on the full part of the floor (IG3)) on behavior and production results was examined. During the experiment, production parameters (food consumption, daily gain and feed conversion), complete behaviour (using cameras) and blood parameters (Pig-MAP, lactates and haptoglobin) were monitored. The addition of tryptophan to the standard farm mixture did not significantly affect the production parameters and the blood parameters, but it had a positive effect on changing the behaviour patterns of the piglets. Different lighting regimes did not affect the production parameters and behaviour of piglets, but they affected (p<0.05) the concentration of lactate in the blood. Increased population density had a significant positive effect on production parameters (average daily gain and feed conversion) (p<0.05), on Pig-Map concentration in blood (p<0.05; p<0.01), while it had a negative effect on the aggression and biting in piglets (p<0.05). Body mass significantly and very significantly influenced the concentration of Pig-MAP (p<0.05; p<0.01) and lactate (p<0.05) between the studied groups. Environment enrichment had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the reduction of the number of conflicts and biting between the examined groups of piglets. Straw proved was the best manipulative material in the experiment. Enrichment of the environment had a positive effect (p<0.05) on the improvement of affective states in piglets during the first 24 hours after the formation of groups.