Razvoj industrije okresanog kamena u vinčanskoj kulturi na teritoriji Srbije

Abstract

Sinteza publikovanih podataka okresane industrije kamena omogućila je da se postavi niz pretpostavki koju su proveravane preko tri segmenta: petroarheoloških proučavanja, statističkih korelacije sa analizom kontekstualnih celina i putem analize upotrebe oruĎa uz izvoĎenje eksperimenata. Preliminarni rezultati su po prvi put konkretizovali litičku tehnologiju i produkciju za period vinčanske kulture. Kvantifikovanje sirovina za izradu oruĎa do količine žitarica neophodnih za ishranu prosečne porodice su podaci na teorijskom nivou koji su uticali na šira proučavanja kretanja ljudi, robe i ideja. Ukazali su na složeni socijalni program zajednice, od intervencija u prirodi do razmene artefakata i razvijanja uzajamnih praksi u bakru i kamenu. Tokom osam stoleća postojanja vinčanske kulture tehnologija okresanog kamena je visoko razvijena produkcija s promišljenom litičkom organizacijom. Stabilnost je osnovna karakteristika vinčanskog razvoja. Očekivanja da bi nastupilo smanjivanje produkcije u korist tehnoloških inovacija i prednosti metala pokazalo se da nisu opravdana. Definisana aktivnost koja premašuje sopstvene potrebe na pojedinim naseljima južno od Dunava i Save, uz primarno konzumske zajednice u Panonskoj niziji zavisne od produkcije spolja, s posebnim statusom Belog brda kao trgovačkog čvora je unutrašnja slika vinčanskog sveta. Industrijalizovani i specijalizovani koncept izrade uniformnih sečiva srednjih dimenzija se ne menja, uz istovremeno dizajniranje tipova oruĎa na odbitku koji će postati markeri razvijenog halkolita. Vitalnost zajednice počiva na energiji da integriše posebnosti u dugom vremenskom razdoblju. Vinčanska kultura je „uspela“ da održi primarnu tehnološku tradiciju i da se prilagodi novim zahtevima vremena, tako da je stav o njenoj izolovanosti u najmanju ruku diskutabilan.

A synthesis of published data on the chipped stone industry allowed a series of assumptions checked by using three segments: petroarchaeological studies, statistical correlation with the analysis of contextual units and use wear analysis of tools with carrying out experiments on new assemblages. The preliminary results concretized lithic technology and tool production in the Vinča culture for the first time. Quantification of raw material for manufacturing tools or the quantity of grain necessary for feeding an average family are the data at the theoretical level which influenced broader studies of movements of people, goods and ideas. They indicated a complex social programme of the community, from interventions in nature to the exchange of artefacts and development of mutual copper-flint craft specializations. During eight centuries of existence of the Vinča culture, the chipped stone industry was highly developed tool production with sophisticated lythic organization. Stability is the main characteristic of the evolution of Vinča. It was shown that the expectations regarding the decrease of tool production in favour of technological innovations and advantages of metal had not been justified. A defined activity which surpassed its own needs in certain settlements to the south of the Danube and the Sava, primarily consumption-based communities in the Pannonian Plain which were dependent on the external tool production, and Belo Brdo having a special status of the trade node made the internal picture of the Vinča world. Industrialized and specialized concepts of manufacturing uniform blades of medium size did not change, and certain types of flake tools, which would become markers of the developed period of Chalcolithic, were simultaneously designed. The vitality of communities is based on their energy to integrate specificities during a long period of time. The Vinča culture „succeeded“ in keeping its primary technological tradition and adapting to new requirements of the time so that the attitude that it was isolated is at least disputable