Razvoj modela strateškog upravljanja nabavkom osnovne sirovine u industriji papira
Development of a strategic management model for the procurement of basic raw materials in the paper industry
Author
Marković, Golub V.Mentor
Mihić, MarkoCommittee members
Petrović, DejanSlović, Dragoslav
Bjelica, Dragan
Bojović, Nebojša
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Show full item recordAbstract
Industrija papira suočila se sa mnogim promenama poslednjih decenija koje su dovele do njenih strukturalnih promena i učinile ovu industriju ekonomski atraktivnijom, “zelenijom” i doprinele njenom rastu i razvoju na globalnom nivou. Trend prelaska na obnovljiva (reciklirana) vlakna u proizvodnji gotovih proizvoda od papira je ključna transformacija koja je dovela do toga da ova industrija danas bude jedna od najvećih u svetu. Danas je reciklažni papir najvažnija sirovina za proizvodnju papira i pionir sistema cirkularne ekonomije. Sakupljanje i reciklaža ove sirovine vrtoglavo su porasli posmatrano od početka devedesetih pa do danas. Evropska unija je i dalje svetski lider u ovom segmentu i primer je dobre prakse vođenja brige o iskorišćenju ove sirovine. Pored toga, mnogi faktori su „išli na ruku” ovoj industriji, kao što su globalni razvoj ekonomije i jačanje trgovinske razmene, ekspanzija digitalnih platformi za poručivanje dobara, smanjivanje upotrebe proizvoda od plastičnih materi...jala, demografski razvoj i dr.
Međutim, ovaj intenzivan rast industrije papira uključio je veliki broj stejkholdera u tržišnu utakmicu i time učinio globalno tržište njegove osnovne sirovine intenzivno dinamičnim, sa frekventnim previranjima i promenama kretanja globalnih trgovinskih tokova. Snažan rast novih reciklažnih kapaciteta za proizvodnju papira, posebno iz zemalja dalekog istoka (pre svega Kine, pa Indije kao nova rastuća sila na svetskoj mapi industrije papira) kreirale su velike potrebe za reciklažnim papirom i potpuno izmenile sliku njegovog globalnog tržišnog poretka. Svakako da je i preseljenje industrijske proizvodnje u zemlje dalekog istoka dodatno pojačalo potrebu za papirom (pakovanjem). Paralelno sa tim razvojem događaja, u Evropi (posebno zapadnoj i severnoj) takođe je došlo do rasta u proizvodnji papira baziranog na recikliranom papiru. Pored toga, brojne fabrike koje su koristile celulozu izvršile su transformaciju proizvodnog procesa i prešle na korišćenje obnovljivih vlakana (reciklažnog papira) kao osnovnu sirovinu.
U takvoj poslovnoj atmosferi planiranje i prognoziranje cenovnih trendova osnovne sirovine postao je veliki izazov i za iskusne menadžere nabavke. Uopšteno, proizvodnja papira je vrlo dinamičan proces koji obiluje čestim promenama i zahteva sve ključne klase osnovne sirovine (posebne vrste reciklažnog papira) na raspolaganju u svakom trenutku. Upravljanje optimalnim nivoom zaliha osnovne sirovine u opisanim uslovima predstavlja još jedan težak zadatak sa kojima se suočava jedinica za nabavku sirovina.
In recent decades, the paper industry has faced many changes that have led to its structural changes and made this industry more lucrative, "greener", and thus contributed to its growth on a global scale. The trend of switching from traditional to renewable (recycled) fibers in the production of finished paper products is probably one of the key transformations that have made this industry among the largest in the world. Today, recycled paper is a key raw material for paper production and one of the pioneers of the circular economy system. The collection and recycling of paper have skyrocketed from the beginning of the 1990s until today. The European Union is still the world leader in this segment and examplar of good practice in taking care of the utilization of this raw material. In addition, many external factors, such as the global economic development, global trade expansion, the expansion of digital platforms for ordering goods, reduction in the use of plastic products, and demog...raphic growth, have generally "helped" advance this industry.
However, this intense growth has also led to the involment of a large number of stakeholders in market competition and thus has made the global commodity market intensely dynamic, with frequent turmoil and changes in the international trade flows of its crucial commodity. Strong growth of new recycling capacities for paper production, especially from the Far East (primarily China, then India as a new growing power on the world map of the paper industry), created significant needs for recycled paper and changed the picture of its global market order. Indeed, the relocation of industrial production to the Far East countries has further increased the need for paper (packaging). Still, in parallel with such developments, in Europe (especially Western and Northern), there has also been growth in the production of paper manufactured from recycled paper. Numerous factories that traditionally used cellulose transformed the production process and switched to renewable fibers (recycled paper).
In such a business atmosphere, planning and forecasting the price of basic raw materials is a huge challenge, even for highly experienced procurement managers. In addition, paper production is a dynamic process that abounds in frequent changes and requires all key grades of basic raw materials (particular types of recycled paper) available at all times. Managing the optimal level of basic raw material stocks in the described conditions is another difficult task faced by the raw material procurement unit.