Miodrag Grbić i nastanak kulturno-istorijske arheologije u Srbiji

Abstract

Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je uloga koju je Miodrag Grbić imao u nastanku i utemeljenju kulturno-istorijske arheologije u Srbiji. Šire gledano teza preispituje načine i uslove nastanka paradigme koja je u srpskoj arheologiji ostala dominatana do današnjih dana. Rad je baziran na promišljanju teorijsko-metodoloških postavki istorije discipline i na kritičkom korišćenju izvora, arhivske građe i štampe. U tezi sam nastojao da Grbićevu naučnu karijeru posmatram kroz relacione okvire obrazovanja, institucionalnih i političkih struktura, te personalnih odnosa, koji oblikuju i utiču na jednu arheološku karijeru. Analiza Grbićevih aktivnosti, pre, tokom i posle Drugog svetskog rata otkriva nam čitav svet ideja tadašnje arheologije, i u tom smislu Grbić je jedan od ključeva za razumevanje širih društveno-političkih konteksta arheologije. Kao kustos praistorijske i rimske zbirke Grbić je bio svedok važnog perioda delovanja Narodnog muzeja u Beogradu, a njegovo iskustvo postaje dragoceno za poznavanje širih tokova kulturne politike Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Polazeći od ključnih mesta discipline, locirajući Grbića u tradiciji centralnoevropske arheologije, Grbićeva karijera postaje studija slučaja koja pokazuje kako su arheolozi reagovali na velike društvene promene koje su se događale, kako nastaju uvrežene i postojane ideje o prošlosti, kako se ove ideje ali i prakse koriste, menjaju, nestaju ili opstaju. Disertacija pokreće niz pitanja o ulozi arheologije u kreiranju i sprovođenju kulturne politike, ulozi arheologa u ratu, ulozi arheologije u društvenom kontesktu pre, tokom i posle okupacije i kunovski rečeno nastanku paradigme koja će se dogoditi u srpskoj/jugoslovenskoj arheologiji posle Drugog svetskog rata. Kada govorimo o periodu Drugog svetskog rata moralne i etičke dileme se nameću same po sebi. Tokom Drugog svetskog rata, u specifičnim prilikama okupacije, Grbić je imao priliku da menja postavke arheologije, i da kroz predavanja na Muzejskom kursu utiče na čitavu generaciju studenata arheologije. U tom smislu, Grbić može biti identifikovan kao utemeljivač kulturno-istorijske arheologije u Srbiji. Ipak, arheološke aktivnosti u Beogradu tokom rata događale su se u simbiozi sa nemačkom arheologijom, te ne možemo isključiti i snažan trag koji je na buduće stručnjake, nosioce promena, ostavila i nemačka arheologija. Za definitivnu promenu i nastanak kulturno-istorijske arheologije bilo je potrebno sačekati trenutak postizanja konsenzusa, uslova i institucionalne potvrde o tome šta je arheologija, zašto se i na koji način njome bavimo. U okvirima posleratne jugoslovenske arheologije kulturno-istorijska arheologija je konačno zaživela.

The subject of doctoral dissertation research is the role that Miodrag Grbić had in the emergence and foundation of cultural-historical archeology in Serbia. In broader terms, the thesis examines the ways and conditions of the emergence of a paradigm that remained dominant in Serbian archeology until today. The thesis is based on a reflection on theoretical and methodological settings of the discipline's history and on critical use of sources, archives and newspapers. In a thesis, I strive to look at Grbić's scientific career through the relational framework of education, institutional and political structures, and personal relationships that shape and influence an archeological career. An analysis of Grbić's activities before, during and after the Second World War reveals the whole world of the ideas of archeology at that time, and in that sense, Grbić is one of the keys for understanding the wider socio-political context of archeology. As a curator of the Prehistoric and Roman collections, Grbić was the witness of the important period of the National Museum's in Belgrade activities, and his experience becomes precious for knowledge of broader cultural policy flows within the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Starting from the key points of discipline, locating Grbić in the tradition of Central European archeology, Grbić's career becomes a case study that shows how archaeologists reacted to the great social changes that have taken place, how deep-rooted and persistent ideas about the past occur, how these ideas and practices are used, how they change, disappear or survive. The dissertation raises a number of questions about the role of archeology in the creation and implementation of cultural policy, the role of archeologists in the war, the role of archeology in the social context before, during and after occupation, and the emergence of a paradigm, in Kuhn's sense, that will occur in Serbian/Yugoslav archeology following the Second World War. When we talk about the period of the Second World War, moral and ethical dilemmas are imposing by itself. During the Second World War, in the specific circumstances of occupation, Grbić had the opportunity to change the archeology setting, and through lectures on the Museum Course, influences an entire generation of archeology students. In this sense, Grbić can be identified as the founder of cultural-historical archeology in Serbia. Nevertheless, archaeological activities in Belgrade during the war occurred in symbiosis with German archeology, and we can not exclude the strong mark that German archaeology have left behind on the future experts, the bearers of change. For a definitive change and the emergence of cultural-historical archeology, it was necessary to wait for a moment of reaching the consensus, conditions and institutional confirmation of what archeology is, why and in what way we practice it. Within the postwar Yugoslav archeology, cultural-historical archeology has finally come to life.