Relacije efikasnosti igre, telesne strukture i specifične fizičke pripremljenosti kod elitnih odbojkašica: četvorogodišnja lingitudinalna studija

Abstract

U ovom istraživanju su prezentovani rezultati četvorogodišnje longitudinalne studije koja je za cilj imala utvrđivanje međuzavisnosti efikasnosti odbojkaške igre, telesne strukture i akutnog nivoa specifične pripremljenosti i praćenje promena istih tokom sedam prioritetnih odnosno glavnih takmičenja u okviru četiri konsekutivne takmičarske sezone. U odnosu na postojeću literaturu, evidentan je manjak informacija, kako u odnosu na longitudinalno praćenje telesne strukture, specifične fizičke pripremljenosti, efikasnosti odbojkaške igre, a sve u funkciji njihovog uticaja na ostvarivanje takmičarske performanse elitnih odbojkašica. Predmet ovog rada predstavlja istraživanje fenomenologije zavisnosti prostora telesne strukture sportista, specifične fizičke pripremljenosti i efikasnosti odbojkaške igre u funkciji četiri uzastopnih jednogodišnjih makrociklusa sportske pripreme. Cilj ovog istraživanja je utvrđivanje međuzavisnosti efikasnosti odbojkaške igre, telesne strukture i akutnog nivoa specifične pripremljenosti i praćenje istih promena tokom takmičarske sezone. U istraživanju su učestvovale elitne odbojkašice, pripadnice seniorskog reprezentativnog tima Republike Srbije. Ispitivani uzorak je praćen u periodu od četiri godine, odnosno sedam glavnih takmičenja. Takođe, u sastavu reprezentativne ekipe u datom periodu, u zavisnosti od takmičenja bilo je uključeno 12 – 14 odbojkašica u timu po sezoni u odnosu na takmičenje. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja je korišćeno 47 varijabli koje su podeljene u tri definisana prostora i to: 1) telesna struktura, 2) specifična fizička pripremljenost i 3) efikasnost odbojkaške igre. Telesni sastav ispitanica je meren multikanalnom bioelektričnom impedancom (BIA) primenom metode laboratorijskog testiranja, a pomoću aparata InBody720. U odnosu na specifičnu pripremljenost sa aspekta odbojke, korišćena su tri standardizovana testa kojim se merila visina vertikalnog skoka: skok iz polu čučnja (squat jump – SJ), skok sa počučnjem i bez zamaha rukama (Countermovement Jump - CMJ), i skok sa počučnjem i zamahom rukama (Countermovement Jump with Arms - CMJa). Za analizu efikasnosti odbojkaške igre, korišćene su standardizovane formule softvera za kompjuterizovanu analizu takmičarske aktivnosti u odbojci DataVolley (Data Project, 2007), koji predstavlja trenutno najrazvijeniji i najzastupljeniji softverski alat korišćen u date svrhe. Sve originalne varijable su obrađene primenom metoda za analizu deskriptivne statistike, a zatim su transformisane metodom multidimenzionalnog skaliranja u standardizovane skorove. Na taj način su sa metodološkog aspekta standardizovane sve varijable koje su ispitivane, jer su bile nosilac informacija o statusu telesne strukture, specifične fizičke pripremljenosti i efikasnosti igre, uprkos činjenici da su se pratile četiri različite konsekutivne takmičarske Sezone nacionalnog tima sa različitim trenažnim i takmičarskim ciljevima, a koji je u određenoj meri i imao različite sastave igrača u odnosu na Sezone...

This study presents the results of a four-year longitudinal study aimed at determining the interconnection of the efficiency of volleyball, body structure and acute level of specific preparedness and monitoring changes during seven priority or major competitions within four consecutive competitive seasons. In relation to the existing literature, there is an evident lack of information, both in relation to longitudinal monitoring of body structure, specific physical fitness, efficiency of volleyball games, all in the function of their influence on the achievement of competitive performance of elite volleyball players. The subject of this paper is the research of the phenomenology area of dependence in the morphology of athletes, specific physical fitness and efficiency of volleyball games in the function of a four-year macrocycle of sports preparation. The aim of this research is to determine the interdependence of the efficiency of volleyball play, body structure and acute level of specific preparedness and to monitor the same changes during four consecutive competitive seasons. In this research participated elite volleyball players, members of the senior representative team of the Republic of Serbia. Given that it is planned to include a period of four years, i.e. seven major competitions, changes in the composition of the representative team in a given period were determined, and depending on the competition, 12 - 14 volleyball players were included in the team per season. The measuring range is defined on 47 variables that are divided into three defined spaces, namely: 1) body structure, 2) specific physical fitness and 3) the efficiency of volleyball play. In relation to the characteristics of the body composition of the subjects, measurement of the same was carried out by laboratory testing, using multichannel bioelectric impedance methods. In relation to the specific preparedness from the aspect of volleyball, i.e. the height of the vertical jump, three standardized tests were used: SJ, CMJ, CMJa. For the analysis of the efficiency of volleyball games, within this paper, standardized software formulas for computerized analysis of competitive activity in volleyball DataVolley (Data Project, 2007), which is currently the most developed and most common software tool used for given purposes, as well as the results obtained by their application, were exclusively used. At the general level, there was no statistically significant correlation between Specific Physical Fitness and Game Efficiency (r = 0.185, p = 0.070), as well as between Body Structure and Game Efficiency (r = - 0.063, p = 0.541). However, in relation to individual seasons, a statistically significant correlation was found for the competition seasons – 2017 and 2018, between Specific Physical Fitness and Morphology at the level of r = 0.639, p = 0.000, and between Specific Physical Fitness and Morphology at the level r = 0.590, p = 0.026, as well as between Game Efficiency and Morphology at the level of r = 0.554, p = 0.040...