Kontrastivna analiza modalnih adverbijala u engleskom i srpskom jeziku

Abstract

Modalnost predstavlja neiscrpno tlo za analizu jezika, koje nastavlja da privlači pažnju lingvista širom sveta. Od sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka interesovanje za modalnost ne jenjava, počevši od Kratzer (1977) i prve detaljne analize koju je sproveo Palmer (1979). Prve analize modalnosti su se fokusirale na modalne glagole (Palmer 1979; Boyd and Thorne 1969; Diver 1964; Ehrman 1966), a pregled glavnih tendencija u pristupu analize modalnosti sproveli su Palmer (2001), Papafragou (2000), Frawley (2006), Simon-Vanderbergen i Aijmer (2007), Portner (2009), Cornillie and Pietrandrea (2012), Narrog (2012), Nuyts i van der Auwera (2016). Vremenom se fokus istraživanja postepeno pomerao ka modalnim pridevima i prilozima (Simon- Vandernbergen i Aijmer 2007; Tarano 2008; Van Linden 2012), a pojavila su se i istraživanja o upotrebi modalnih priloga kao diskursnih markera (Aijmer 2013, Traugott 1995). Cilj ovog rada je konstrastivna analiza modalnih adverbijala u engleskom i srpskom jeziku na planu forme i značenja. Uzevši u obzir da adverbijali obuhvataju različite konstrukcije, od priloga, priloških sintagmi do klauza, cilj je bio da se pruži uvid u to na koji način se različita modalna značenja mogu izraziti uz pomoć adverbijalnih konstukcija u engleskom i srpskom jeziku, te koliko su te konstrukcije slične, odnosno različite. Lyons (1977), Palmer (1979), Portner (2009), Papfragou (2000) i dr. dele modalno značenje na epistemičko, deontičko i dinamičko, te su ta tri domena značenja uzeti kao osnova za analizu. Najširu oblast za analizu predstavljalo je polje epistemičke modalnosti, a u analizu su uključena sva tri njena podtipa: epistemičko značenje verovatnoće i mogućnosti, epistemičko značenje izvesnosti i evidencijalno značenje. Dat je pregled adverbijalnih konstrukcija koje se koriste pri izražavanju pomenutih modalnih značenja i u engleskom i u srpskom jeziku. Fokus je stavljen na priloge kao na najveću grupu adverbijalnih izraza koji nose modalno značenje, kao i na njihova primarna i sekundarna značenja. Pošto adverbijali nemaju isključivu svrhu modifikacije rečenice, nego i manjih jezičkih celina, pružena je i kontrastivna analiza modalnih adverbijala u engleskom i srpskom jeziku kao modifikatora imeničkih, pridevskih i priloških sintagmi. Korpus nad kojim je sprovedeno istraživanje sačinjen je iz primera preuzetih iz British National Corpus (BNC) i Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) za primere na engleskom jeziku i Korpusa savremenog srpskog jezika (SrpKor) za primere na srpskom jeziku.

Modality represents an inexhaustible ground for language analysis, which continues to attract the attention of linguists worldwide. Since the 1970s, interest in modality has not diminished, starting with Kratzer (1977) and the first detailed analysis carried out by Palmer (1979). The first analyses of modality focused on modal verbs (Palmer 1979, Boyd and Thorne 1969, Diver 1964, Ehrman 1966), and the overview of the main tendencies in the approach to modal analysis was conducted by Palmer (2001), Papafragou (2000), Frawley (2006), Simon- Vanderbergen and Aijmer (2007), Portner (2009), Cornillie and Pietrandrea (2012), Narrog (2012), Nuyts and van der Auwera (2016). Over time, the research focus gradually shifted towards modal adjectives and adverbs (Simon-Vanderbergen and Aijmer 2007; Tarano 2008; Van linden 2012), and studies on the use of modal adverbs as discourse markers also emerged (Aijmer 2013, Traugott 1995). The aim of this paper is a contrastive analysis of modal adverbials in English and Serbian in terms of form and meaning. Since adverbials encompass various constructions, from adverbs and adverbial phrases to clauses, the goal was to provide insight into how different modal meanings can be expressed through adverbial constructions in English and Serbian, and how similar or different these constructions are. Lyons (1977), Palmer (1979), Portner (2009), Papfragou (2000), and others divide modal meaning into epistemic, deontic, and dynamic, and these three domains of meaning were taken as the basis for the analysis. The broadest area for analysis was the field of epistemic modality as all three of its subtypes: epistemic meaning of probability and possibility, epistemic meaning of certainty, and evidential meaning, were included in the analysis. An overview of adverbial constructions used to express these modal meanings in English and Serbian was given. The focus was on adverbs as the largest group of adverbial expressions that carry modal meaning, as well as their primary and secondary meanings. As adverbials do not have the exclusive purpose of modifying sentences, but also smaller linguistic units, a contrastive analysis of modal adverbials in English and Serbian has been provided, as modifiers of noun phrases, adjectival phrases, and adverbial phrases. The corpus used in the study consists of examples taken from the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) for English language examples, and the Corpus of Contemporary Serbian Language (SrpKor) for Serbian language examples.