Leksički slojevi u romanima Danka Popovića

Abstract

Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem leksičkih slojeva na korpusu osam romana Danka Popovića. Cilj rada je da se sistemski opiše i analizira tipologizacija leksičke raslojenosti u Popovićevom romanesknom delu, a koja svedoči o izuzetnom bogatstvu jezičkih oblika koje pisac koristi. Istraživačke tehnike koje su korišćene u radu su pregled i ekscerpcija, kao i klasifikacija i analiza leksičke građe. U uvodu su predstavljeni predmet i cilj istraživanja, kriterijumi izbora leksike, korišćene metode, pregled dosadašnjih istraživanja i mesto i potreba istraživanja leksike književnog opusa Danka Popovića. Predstavljeni su i neki od motiva koji prožimaju Popovićeve romane: motiv srpskog seljaka, žene / majke, rodne zemlje, uzaludnosti ratovanja, Šumadije, njenih vladara i Šumadinaca. U centralnom delu rada bavimo se raslojenošću leksičkog sistema Popovićevih romana sa dijastratskog, dijatopijskog i funkcionalnog aspekta. Tako je Popovićev leksički inventar, s obzirom na polifunkcionalnost književnog jezika, klasifikovan prema kriterijumima teritorijalne (dijalektizmi, pokrajinizmi), društveno-istorijske (prema vremenskom kriterijumu zastarelosti: arhaizmi, istorizmi, staroknjiževne reči) i funkcionalne raslojenosti leksike, kao i prema njenoj ekspresivnosti (imenički, glagolski, pridevski i priloški ekspresivi, kao i reči subjektivne ocene: deminutivi, augmentativi, hipokoristici, pejorativi), i prema njenom poreklu. U okviru teritorijalno raslojene leksike izdvojene su autosemantičke i sinsemantičke lekseme, i to prema vrstama reči i prema značenju, kao i ekspresivna leksika. Vremenski raslojena leksika obuhvata arhaizme, istorizme i frazeološke izraze. Načinjen je poseban osvrt na pozajmljenice i lekseme subjektivne ocene. Predstavljanje funkcionalno raslojene leksike vezuje se za određene oblasti čovekovog delovanja – društveno-politička, administrativno-pravna, terminološka, vojna, crkvena leksika, kao i ona koja je vezana za različite tematske oblasti, a njena analiza dovodi do određenih zapažanja vezanih za stilistički aspekt. Treći, zaključni deo rada predstavlja sintezu prethodno date analize, a sadrži i zapažanja o piščevom stilu na osnovu uvida u jezik Popovićevih romana i na osnovu ključnih tema i motiva, kroz koje se mogu pratiti upotreba i funkcionisanje markirane leksike. Pisac u najvećoj meri koristi jezička sredstva koja su karakteristična za šumadijsko-vojvođanski dijalekat, koji je u osnovici srpskog standardnog jezika. Kroz analizu se očituje i način na koji se teritorijalno i vremenski raslojena leksika uklapa i integriše u standardnojezički leksikon. Leksički i semantički neologizmi u Popovićevim romanima svedoče o piščevoj znalačkoj jezičkoj kompetenciji koja ne izlazi iz sistemskih jezičkih okvira. Takođe, raznovrsni tematski slojevi ukazali su na duhovnu, materijalnu i socijalnu kulturu koja karakteriše vreme u kojem junaci Popovićevih romana žive. Na taj način moguće je rekonstruisati i ključne koncepte jezičke slike sveta književnih likova – nosilaca govora u Popovićevim romanima.

This paper focuses on the analysis of the lexical layers from the corpus of eight novels written by Danko Popović. The study aims to systematically collect lexical material and analyze it through its structural-semantic classification. The research techniques used in this study include an overview and excerption from the corpus, as well as classification and analysis of the lexical material. The introduction sets the aims and objectives of the research, the criteria for the choice of lexis, the methods used in the study, an overview of previous research, as well as the application and the grounds for analyzing Danko Popović’s opus. Furthermore, this paper introduces some of the motifs that permeate Popovic’s novels: the motif of a Serbian peasant, a woman / mother, the author’s native country, the futility of war, Šumadija, its rulers, and its inhabitants. In the main section of the paper, we deal with the stratification of the lexical system of Popović's novels from the diastatic, diatopic, and functional aspects. Thus, Popović's lexical depository, considering the polyfunctionality of literary language, is classified according to the criteria of territorial (dialectisms, provincialisms), socio-historical (according to the temporal criterion of obsolescence: archaisms, historisms, ancient literary words), and functional stratification of the lexicon, as well as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbial expressives, along with the words of subjective evaluation: diminutives, augmentatives, hypocrites, pejoratives), and according to its origin. Temporally-stratified vocabulary includes archaisms, historicisms, and phraseological expressions, as well as expressive vocabulary. The emphasis was especially placed on Loanwords and lexemes of subjective evaluation. The presentation of functionally stratified vocabulary is related to certain areas of human activity – socio-political, administrative-legal, terminological, military, clerical vocabulary, as well as that related to various thematic areas, and its analysis leads to certain observations related to the stylistic aspect. The third, concluding part of the paper is a synthesis of the previously given analysis, and it contains observations on the writer's style based on insights into the language of Popović's novels and on key themes and motifs, through which the use and behavior of the marked vocabulary can be observed. The author predominately uses linguistic resources that are typical for the ŠumadijaVojvodina’s dialect, which is the basis of the Serbian every-day language. Then, an observation is made in regards to the way in which the vocabulary, which is territorially and temporally stratified, conforms to, and integrates into the standard language lexis. Lexical and semantic neologisms testify of the author’s linguistic competence, which does not go beyond systemic linguistic frameworks. Autosemantic and synsematic lexemes are selected according to parts of speech, areas of use and their meaning, as well as expressive vocabulary and multi-word lexical units and phraseological expressions. Various thematic layers indicate the spiritual and material culture, which portrays the time of Popović's heroes. By continuing in this manner, it is possible to reconstruct the conceptual world of the speakers in Popović’s novels, since his lexis shows the peculiarities of the environment in which his heroes live.