Implementacija sistema otvorenih inovacija u preduzeće pomoću Web tehnologija

Abstract

Suočena sa oštrom konkurencijom i otvorenim globalnim tržištima, preduzeća moraju nešto novo osmisliti, kako bi održala konkurentsku prednost. Inovacije se neretko smatraju pitanjem opstanka preduzeća. Inovacione strategije se danas oslanjaju na otvorenu inovaciju, koja pretpostavlja tokove znanja, a važno je učešće eksternih stejkholdera (kupci, dobavljači i dr.). Cilj istraživanja je spoznati način funkcionisanja sistema otvorenih inovacija u domaćim preduzećima tj. internu povezanost pojedinačnih delova preduzeća, eksternu povezanost preduzeća sa kupcima, upotrebu ________________________________________________________________________________ 3 IKT, te stavove menadžmenta prema otvorenim inovacijama. U istraživanju se koriste opšti naučni metodi, a od posebnih ističemo anketni metod, intervju, statistički metod, grafički metod, modeliranje i dr. Rezultati istraživanja sugerišu da se percepcija inovacija vremenom menjala, što je dovelo do prihvatanja koncepta otvorene inovacije. Novi proizvod je jedna od fokusnih tačaka istraživanja, jer on pruža šansu preduzeću da opstane i ostvari uspeh. S obzirom na informacionu eru, potencira se koriščenje Web tehnologija u implementaciji modela otvorenih inovacija. Poslovni modeli globalnih kompanija sve su više zasnovani na visokotehnološkom preduzetništvu, eksternom znanju, istraživačkim jedinicama, odnosno (otvorenim) inovacijama. U BIH istraživački sektor je nerazvijen, dok je u Republici Srbiji prepoznat, kao jedan od ključnih uslova razvoja. Nakon sprovedenog empirijskog istraživanja konstrusan je otvoreni model upravljanja inovacijama pomoću Web tehnologija, koji kupce / klijente stavlja u prvi plan. Ustanovljena je, pre toga, interna povezanost pojedinačnih delova preduzeća, ali i povezanost preduzeća sa kupcima, dobavljačima i ekspertima, što je bio osnov za kreiranje modela. Identifikovane su statistički značajne razlike između veličine organizacije, grane industrije i stavova menadžmenta o inovacionim procesima, ali i između različitih veličina preduzeća, različitih delatnosti, a najviše između proizvodnih i ostalih preduzeća. Preduzeća u našem okruženju su u stanju su da implementiraju web tehnologije sa ciljem da kreiraju nove proizvode u saradnji sa kupcima (sistem otvorenih inovacija). Korišćenje znanja iz eksternih izvora za generisanje i komercijalizaciju poslovnih ideja može podstaknuti dalji rast i razvoj domaćih preduzeća, Praktično ne postoje tehničke prepreke za implementaciju predloženog modela inovacija zasnovanog na web-u i eksternim učesnicima. Model ipak nije savršen, jer i dalje se ne može sa sigurnošću reći, koje ideje imaju potencijal za tržišni uspeh. Dodatno, može se doći do diverzifikovanog asortimana s kojim je teško upravljati, ali i menadžmet može propustiti izabrati pravu ideju. Početna premisa predloženog modela je da su novi proizvodi od strateške važnosti. Sa uplivom novih informacija sa tržišta i od spoljnih saradnika veliki deo rizika vezanog za novi proizvod se umanjuje, što je ujedno i osnova za prihvatanje predloženog modela. Velika opasnost za domaća preduzeća dolazi od tzv. odliva mozgova, intenzivnijeg transfera u odnosu na razvoj sopstvenih tehnologija, sistema upravljanja intelektualnom svojinom, izazova umrežavanja, te kompla-mentarnosti nauke sa poslovnom praksom. Od značaja je poboljšati rad institucija, učiti iz politika i ________________________________________________________________________________ 4 efikasno upravljati inovacionim procesima. Oslanjanje na IKT i dalji razvoj sektora istraživanja mora se akcentirati u inovacionim strategijama. Domaća tehnološki superiornija preduzeća uglavnom ne koriste prednosti otvorenog inovacionog modela. To bi mogao biti razlog njihovog zaostajanja za sličnim preduzećima iz okruženja. Zato dosledna implem-entacija sistema otvorenih inovacija, koji podrazumeva korišćenje kako internog, tako i eksternog znanja, uz podršku profesionalnog inventivnog menadžmenta i IKT zasnovanih na webu, omogućuje generisanje inovacija, koje mogu obezbediti nove izvore prihoda, time povećati dobit preduzeća i omogućiti njihov rast i razvoj

Faced with fierce competition and open global markets, businesses must come up with something new in order to maintain a competitive edge. Innovation is often considered a matter of company survival. Today, innovation strategies rely on open innovation, which assumes knowledge flows, and the participation of external stakeholders (customers, suppliers, etc.) is important. The aim of the research is to find out how the system of open innovation in domestic companies functions, i.e. internal connection of individual parts of the company, external connection of the company with customers, use of ICT, and management attitudes towards open innovation. General scientific methods are used in the research, and among the special ________________________________________________________________________________ 6 ones we highlight the survey method, interview, statistical method, graphic method, modeling, etc. The research results suggest that the perception of innovation has changed over time, which has led to the acceptance of the concept of open innovation. The new product is one of the focal points of the research, because it provides a chance for the company to survive and achieve success. With regard to the information era, the use of Web technologies in the implementation of the open innovation model is emphasized. The business models of global companies are increasingly based on high-tech entrepreneurship, external knowledge, research units, or (open) innovations. In BIH, the research sector is underdeveloped, while in the Republic of Serbia it is recognized as one of the key conditions for development. After the conducted empirical research, an open innovation management model was constructed using Web technologies, which puts customers/clients in the foreground. Before that, the internal connection of individual parts of the company was established, as well as the connection of the company with customers, suppliers and experts, which was the basis for creating the model. Statistically significant differences were identified between the size of the organization, the branch of industry and management's views on innovation processes, but also between different sizes of companies, different activities, and mostly between manufacturing and other companies. Companies in our environment are able to implement web technologies with the aim of creating new products in cooperation with customers (open innovation system). Using knowledge from external sources to generate and commercialize business ideas can encourage further growth and development of domestic enterprises. There are practically no technical barriers to implementing the proposed innovation model based on the web and external participants. The model is still not perfect, because it is still not possible to say with certainty which ideas have the potential for market success. In addition, you can get a diversified assortment that is difficult to manage, but also the management can fail to choose the right idea. The initial premise of the proposed model is that new products are of strategic importance. With the influx of new information from the market and from external collaborators, a large part of the risk related to the new product is reduced, which is also the basis for accepting the proposed model. A big danger for domestic companies comes from the so-called brain drain, more intensive transfer in relation to the development of own technologies, intellectual property management systems, networking challenges, and the ________________________________________________________________________________ 7 complementarity of science with business practice. It is important to improve the work of institutions, learn from policies and effectively manage innovation processes. Reliance on ICT and further development of the research sector must be emphasized in innovation strategies. Domestic technologically superior companies generally do not take advantage of the open innovation model. This could be the reason for their lagging behind similar companies from the surrounding area. That is why the consistent implementation of the open innovation system, which involves the use of both internal and external knowledge, with the support of professional inventive management and web-based ICT, enables the generation of innovations that can provide new sources of income, thereby increasing the company's profits and enabling their growth and development.