Uticaj različitih načina gajenja jarog ječma na morfološke osobine, rodni potencijal i kvalitet zrna

Abstract

Rezime: Predmet istraživanja doktorske disertacije je proučavanje uticaja različitih načina gajenja jarog ječma na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata utvrđen je najpovoljniji način gajenja za četiri ispitivane sorte jarog dvorednog ječma u agroekološkim uslovima Požarevca (gustina setve i količina azotnog đubriva). Eksperimentalna proučavanja su obavljena u trogodišnjem periodu, od 2012. do 2014. godine, na oglednom polju Poljoprivredne škole sa domom učenika „Sonja Marinković“ Požarevac u Požarevcu. Ogledom je obuhvaćeno četiri sorte jarog dvorednog ječma: Novosadski 448, Novosadski 456, Dunavac i Jadran. U ogledu su primenjene tri gustine setve (350, 450 i 550 klijavih zrna m‒2) i četiri doze azotnog đubriva (45, 45+30, 45+60 i 45+90 kg ha‒1 čistog azota). Tokom trogodišnjeg perioda ispitivanja praćeno je ukupno 17 parametara, koji su grupisani u 3 celine, i to: morfološke osobine (visina biljaka, opšte bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja i broj biljaka m–2), komponente prinosa i prinos zrna (broj klasova m–2, dužina klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masa zrna po klasu, masa 1000 zrna, žetveni indeks i prinos zrna) i osobine kvaliteta zrna (hektolitarska masa zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm, sadržaj zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm, energija klijanja, ukupna klijavost zrna i sadržaj proteina u zrnu). Proučavanjem uticaja različitog načina gajenja na morfološke, produktivne i osobine kvaliteta zrna jarog ječma u trogodišnjem periodu, ustanovljen je pozitivan uticaj rastuće gustine setve na povećanje visine biljaka, broja biljaka po jedinici površine, broja klasova po jedinici površine, prinosa zrna, sadržaja zrna debljine od 2,2 do 2,5 mm i sadržaja proteina u zrnu. Povećana gustina setve je imala negativan uticaj na opše bokorenje, koeficijent produktivnog bokorenja, dužinu klasa, broj zrna po klasu, masu zrna po klasu, žetveni indeks, masu 1000 zrna, hektolitarsku masu zrna, sadržaj zrna debljine ≥2,5 mm i neznatno smanjenje energije klijanja...

Summary: The research topic of this doctoral dissertation focuses on the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley. Based on the experimental results, the most favorable growing method was determined for four cultivars of spring two–row barley tested under the agroenvironmental conditions of Požarevac (seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer rate). Experimental research was conducted during a three-year period, from 2012 to 2014, at the trial field of the Sonja Marinković Agricultural Boarding School in Požarevac. The experiment included four cultivars of spring two–row barley: ‘Novosadski 448’, ‘Novosadski 456’, ‘Dunavac’ and ‘Jadran’. Three seeding rates (350, 450 and 550 viable seeds m‒2) and four rates of nitrogen fertilizer (45, 45 + 30, 45 + 60 and 45 + 90 kg ha‒1) were used. During the three-year study period, a total of 17 parameters classified into 3 groups were evaluated, i.e. morphological characteristics (plant height, general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, and number of plants m‒2), yield components and grain yield (number of spikes m–2, spike length, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, 1000 kernel weight, harvest index, and grain yield) and grain quality traits (test weight, percentage of kernels a thickness ≥2.5 mm, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, germination energy, total germination, and grain protein content). The evaluation of the effect of growing method on the morphological characteristics, yield performance and grain quality traits of spring barley over the three-year period indicated that increasing seeding rate had a positive effect on plant height, number of plants per unit area, number of spikes per unit area, grain yield, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, and grain protein content. Increased seeding rate had a negative impact on general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, spike length, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight per spike, harvest index, 1000 kernel weight, test weight, and the percentage of kernels a thickness ≥2.5 mm, whereas germination energy slightly decreased. Increasing nitrogen rates to 135 kg ha‒1 contributed to significant increases in plant height, general tillering, productive tillering coefficient, spike length, number of kernels per spike, percentage of kernels with a thickness of 2.2 to 2.5 mm, and grain protein content. Treatment with 105 kg N ha-1 gave the highest values for kernel weight per spike, grain yield, harvest index, 1000 kernel weight, test weight, and percentage of kernels a thickness ≥2.5 mm...