Fauna stenica (Heteroptera) različitih ekosistema imolekularne karakteristike važnijih vrsta

Abstract

Istraživanja faune stenica na prostoru Vojvodine u poslednjih nekoliko decenija baziraju se pre svega na praćenju brojnosti i štetnosti vrsta u pšenici, lucerki i soji. Malo je podataka o korisnim vrstama, kao i drugim vrstama koji imaju mali ili gotovo beznačajan uticaj na biljnu proizvodnju. Stoga je u ovom radu istražena fauna stenica različitih ekosistema koji obuhvataju useve pšenice i lucerke, ali i biljke ruderalnih staništa i poljozaštitnih pojaseva navedenih kultura. Istovremeno je istražena i fauna stenica sa biljaka spontane flore na lokalitetima viših nadmorskih visina Fruške gore i Divčibara, koje predstavljaju mesta prezimljavanja određenih vrsta. Podaci o prisutnim vrstama navedenih ekosistema predstavljaju dodadatak dosadašnjim istraživanjima faune stenica naše zemlje. Stenice su uzorkovane entomološkim kečerom i ručno na više od 48 lokaliteta na teritoriji Bačke, Fruške gore i Divčibara. Determinacija uzorkovanih jedinki rađena je prema morfološkim karakteristikama uz upotrebu odgovarajućih ključeva, pri čemu je zabeleženo ukupno 59 vrsta iz 14 familija. Najveći broj vrsta zabeležen je na biljkama spontane flore, ukupno 42 vrste, zatim u usevu lucerke, 26 vrsta, a najmanji broj vrsta, ukupno 17, zabeleženo je u usevu pšenice. Među uzorkovanim stenicama najviše je bilo fitofagnih oligofagnih vrsta, ali je zabeleženo i prisustvo ukupno šest predatorskih vrsta. Kao dodatak morfološkoj determinaciji vrsta urađena je molekularna analiza osam vrsta, u prvom redu žitnih stenica iz familija Scutelleridae i Pentatomidae, ali i tri izrazito polifagne vrste čije prisustvo je zabeleženo na velikom broju lokaliteta. Kod pomenutih vrsta analiziran je mitohondrijalni citohrom c oksidaza I standardni barkod fragmet i formirano je filogenetsko stablo. Ova istraživanja predstavljaju preliminarna istraživanja stenica sa našeg podneblja na molekularnom nivou. Spisak registrovanih vrsta stenica, koji je jedan od rezultata ovog rada, predstavlja značajan doprinos poznavanju faune Heteroptera u gajenim kulturama, pšenici i lucerki, ali i na biljkama spontane flore. Molekularna analiza ukazala je na sličnost pojedinih vrsta i rodova na molekularnom nivou i istovremeno potvrdila pozdanost morfoloških karaktera u determinaciji stenica. Najvažnije osobine svih registrovanih stenica koje su iznete u radu predstavljaju prilog izučavanju faune stenica u Vojvodini, pa i Srbiji.

Faunistic research of true bugs (Heteroptera) in Vojvodina, in several last decades was mainly focused on the most important pest species in wheat, alfalfa and soybean. There are very few data of beneficial species and/or species of low importance to named crops. Therefore the main focus of this work was to investigate the whole fauna of true bugs in different ecosystems, including wheat, alfalfa and ruderal plants in and around the cultivated fields. At the same time true bugs fauna of spontaneous flora in localities of higher altitudes, such as Fruška gora mountain and Divčibare, was also investigated. List of registered species is a great contribution to the fauna of true bugs in Vojvodina and Serbia. During research true bugs were sampled by sweep net and by hand, at more than 48 localities all around the Bačka region (Vojvodina), as well as in Fruška gora mountain and Divčibare. Specimens were identified according to their morphology, using many keys for identification. 59 species belonging to 14 terrestrial families were recorded. The most species were recorded in spontaneous flora, 42 in total. This was followed by 26 species in alfalfa fields and only 17 species registered in wheat. Most of these species were phytophagous and only six were predaceous. Presence of zoophagous specimens is important as indicator of biological balance which exists in described environment despite the human activity. Molecular analysis of eight true bugs species was done as additional method for identification of sampled specimens. Species were chosen by their importance in wheat fields, and by their presence in each sampled ecosystem. Mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene was analyzed and phylogenetic tree was constructed. This is a preliminary survey of true bugs in Vojvodina on molecular level. List of recorded true bug species, as one of the results of this work, is a contribution to the list of species in wheat and alfalfa which includes not only pest species, but beneficial and neutral ones as well. Knowledge of true bugs species which inhabit spontaneous plants around the fields is of importance for cultivated crops having in mind bugs vicinity and ability to live and hide inside of different plants. Molecular analysis revealed the similarity of some species and genera at molecular level and at the same time confirmed the reliability of morphological characters in identification of true bugs. The most important characteristics of recorded species were given as contribution of true bugs investigations in Vojvodina and Serbia.