Faunistička i ekotoksikološka studija Lumbricidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) centralne Srbije
Faunistic and ecotoxicological studies Lumbricidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta) оf Central Serbia
Докторанд
Sekulić, JovanaМентор
Stojanović-Petrović, MirjanaЧланови комисије
Karaman, IvoGraora, Draga
Trakić, Tanja
Метаподаци
Приказ свих података о дисертацијиСажетак
Rezime:
Rezultati prezentovani u ovom radu predstavljaju doprinos poznavanju
biodiverziteta lumbricida centralne Srbije. Takođe rezultati su dali uvid u, prvi put
kod nas rađena, ekotoksikološka ispitivanja na ovim organizmima. Obavljena su
kompleksna faunistička istraživanja lumbricidne faune na području centralne Srbije
i objedinjeni su svi dostupni literaturni i terenski podaci. Terenskim radom na ovoj
studiji, na istraživanim lokalitetima, u 160 sakupljenih uzoraka (2190 jedinki),
registrovano je 16 taksona. Tokom ranijih istraživanja utvrđeno je prisustvo 44 taksona.
Našim istraživanjima utvrđeno je prisustvo tri taksona koji ranije nisu bila
konstatovana na prostorima centralne Srbije, tako da danas fauna lumbricida ovog
prostora broji 47 taksona. Od ukupnog broja vrsta koje su konstatovane na teritoriji
Srbije, skoro 60% vrsta je pronađeno u centralnoj Srbiji.
Po prvi put u centralnoj Srbiji su registrovane tri vrste: Allolobophora parva,
Aporrectodea cemernicensis ...(po drugi put registrovana na teritoriji Republike Srbije) i
Lumbricus castaneus. Iako peregrina vrsta, A. parva je registrovana prvi put u Srbiji,
što je od izuzetnog faunističkog značaja.
Po prvi put, u našim istraživanjima Allolobophora serbica je pronađena u novom
biotopu, šumskom, i to i u prolećnoj i u jesenjoj sezoni.
Da bi se zoogeografski što jasnije shvatila struktura lumbricidne faune
centralnog dela Srbije, neophodno je bilo izvršiti kategorizaciju. Naša analiza je
pokazala da najveći broj vrsta pripada peregrinim vrstama (38,30%). Endemičnih vrsta
ima 19,15%. Zatim slede trans-egejske vrste (12,77%), centralno-evropske (10,64%),
alpsko-balkanske (10,64%), i nešto manje približno mediteranske (4,26%) i atlansko-
mediteranske (2,13%).
Istraživanja koja su sprovedena u okviru ekotoksikološkog dela zasnovana su na
hipotezi da pesticidi u životnoj sredini pored ciljanih organizama utiču i na
neciljane organizme, što se kroz lance ishrane odražava i na više trofičke nivoe, a u
krajnjem ishodu i na čoveka. Laboratorijski testovi su sprovedeni na osnovu smernica
OECD-a. U ovim testovima toksičnosti koristili smo vrstu Eisenia fetida, kao test
organizam, koju smo izlagali, u veštačkom test zemljištu, različitim koncentracijama
ispitivanih pesticida, zasnovanim na preporučenim poljoprivrednim dozama.
Testirani su pesticidi koji su lokalno najviše u upotrebi, među kojima je i
bioracionalni insekticid Laser (spinosad) koji se po prvi put ispitivao na vrsti E.
fetida. Svaki od pesticida pokazao je drugačiji stepen toksičnosti, a jedino je u
kontrolnim tretmanima bilo 100% preživelih kišnih glista evidentiranih do kraja
eksperimenata.
Piretroidi su poznati po domino efektu i izrazitoj početnoj efikasnosti. U
našim eksperimentima smo već u prvoj nedelji zabeleželi smrtnost glista u svim
koncentracijama. Ipak, izračunate LC50 vrednosti su bile više od najviše
koncentracije. Od svih korišćenih piretroida (Cipkord, Talstar, Laser), Laser se
pokazao kao ekološki najbezbedniji.
Rezultati toksikoloških istraživanja pokazuju da su gliste na osnovu krajnjih
tačaka kao što su rast i reprodukcija veoma osetljive na ispitivane herbicide (Terbis,
Kalisto, Ekvip, Adengo). Bez obzira, što ne utiču na mortalitet, utiču na subletalne
krajnje tačke, koje su znatno osetljiviji parametri za procenu, što u dužem vremenskom
intervalu, znači uticaj na samu populaciju glista.
Summary:
The results presented in this paper is contribution to the knowledge of biodiversity
Lumbricidae central Serbia. Also, the results were gave an insight into ecotoxicological testing
on earthworm which is the first of that kind investigations in our country. The complex faunistic
research of earthworm fauna in the area of central Serbia was performed and all available
literature data and field data are summarized. Based on field work in the investigated area have
been registered 16 taxa in 160 samples (2190 individuals). In previous studies revealed the
presence of 44 taxa. Our research has revealed the presence of three taxa that have never been
ascertained on the territory of central Serbia. Therefore, today Lumbricidae fauna of this area
consists of 47 taxa. Of the total number of earthworm species that are found in the territory of
Serbia, almost 60% of the species is found in the area of central Serbia.
Three species are registered for the first time in central ...Serbia: Allolobophora parva,
Aporrectodea cemernicensis (registered on the territory of the Republic of Serbia only in eastern
and central Serbia) and Lumbricus castaneus. Also, it is interesting that peregrina species A.
parva is registered for the first time in Serbia, which is of great faunal significance.
For the first time, in our research, Allolobophora serbica is found in a new biotope,
forest, both in the spring and the autumn seasons.
In order to better understand the zoogeographical structure of Lumbricidae from the
central part of Serbia, categorization was required. Our analysis showed that most of them are
Peregrine species (38,30%). The percent of endemic species is 19,15%, followed by Trans -
Aegean (13,77%), Central-European (10,64%), Balkanic-Alpine (10,64%), and a little less
Circum-Mediterranean (4,26%) and Atlantic-Mediterranean (2,13%).
Researches conducted in the framework of ecotoxicology part are based on the
hypothesis that pesticides in the environment have impact, not only to the target organisms, but
also to the non-target organisms, which through food chains may produce damages to higher
trophic levels, and ultimately to the man. The laboratory test was conducted according to the
OECD guidelines. To assess the toxic effects of pesticides on non-target organism, we exposed
the earthworm Eisenia fetida to artificial soil supplemented with different concentrations of the
examined pesticides based on the recommended agricultural doses. The tested pesticides that are
mostly used locally, including the insecticide Laser (spinosad). This is the first report about
effects of spinosad on the life-cycle parameters on non-target organism, earthworm E. fetida.
Each of used pesticide showed a different degree of toxicity. Only in the control treatment was
100% survival of the earthworms recorded until the end of experiments.
Pyrethroids are known by knock-down effect and expressed initial efficacy. In the first
weeks, we have immediately recorded mortality of earthworms in all concentrations. However,
the LC50 values were higher than the highest concentrations which we used in the experiment. Of
all the used pyrethroids (Cipkord, Talstar, Laser), Laser has proven to be as environmentally
safest.
Based on the endpoints such as growth and reproduction, the results of toxicological
research show that the earthworms are very sensitive to the tested herbicide (Terbis, Callisto,
Ekvip, Adengo). Regardless, it does not affect mortality, affecting sublethal endpoints, which are
much more sensitive parameters for assessing, which a longer time interval means the impact on
itself population of earthworms.