Primena nitramina i netoksičnih aditivnih jedinjenja u razvoju i proizvodnji savremenih eksploziva i baruta

Abstract

U radu je razmatrana hemijska i balistička stabilnosti eksplozivnih materija, sa aspekta bezbedne proizvodnje, skladištenja i upotrebe municije u nacionalnim i svetskim okvirima. Istraživani su uslovi pod kojima će se umanjiti proces autokatalize u barutnoj masi, te hemijska stabilnost baruta održati na potrebnom nivou što duži period. Analiziran je uticaj najčešće upotrebljavanih stabilizatora na kvalitet savremenih baruta, proučavanjem efekta želatinizacije nitroceluloze, uz pomoć skenirajuće elektronske mikroskopije. Ispitivana je mogućnost i utvrđena opravdanost primene netoksičnih i nekancerogenih komponenti u razvoju i proizvodnji savremenih baruta, kao alternativa za višegodišnju upotrebu dinitrotoluena (DNT), dibutilftalata (DBF) i difenilamina (DFA), koji pokazuju kancerogena svojstva. Praćenjem migracionih procesa u barutnoj masi potvrđen je negativan uticaj migracije nitroglicerina na balističke osobine baruta i ukupan kvalitet municije. S tim u vezi istraživana je mogućnost izrade barutnih punjenja bez nitroglicerina, sa novim energetskim komponentama – nitraminima. Prikazane su značajne prednosti savremenih baruta niske osetljivosti i „green“ formulacije, koje pozitivno utiču na kvalitet barutnog punjenja, performanse municije i na životni vek cevi artiljerijskih oruđa. U oblasti eksploziva istraživani su novi eksplozivni sastavi na bazi polimernih veziva, (plastic bonded explosives – PBX) te primena nitramina u proizvodnji savremenih eksploziva. Ispitivanjem fizičko-hemijskih i termohemijskih karakteristika, pomoću standardnih termijskih i spektrofotometrijskih metoda, izvršena je verifikacija recikliranih eksplozivnih punjenja na bazi kompozicije trotil/nitramin. Proizvođačima baruta i municije date su preporuke za proizvodnju i laboraciju barutnih punjenja minobacačke municije te preporuke za sprovođenje kvalitativnog prijema municije te predaje krajnjim korisnicima...

Chemical and ballistic stability of the explosive materials was analyzed from the point of the safe production, storage and use of ammunition in national and international surroundings. The conditions which decrease the autocatalysis of the gunpowder mass and keep the chemical stability on a defined level as long as possible were examined. The influence of the most widely spread stabilizers on the quantity of up-to-date gunpowders was analyzed, by studying of the nitrocellulose gelatinization effect, using the scanning electron microscopy. The possibility of the use of non-toxic and non-carcinogenic components in the development and production of modern gunpowders was investigated, as an alternative to the application of dinitrotoluene (DNT), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and diphenylamine (DPA), which show carcinogenic effects. The negative influence of the nitroglycerine migration on the ballistic properties and on the ammunition quality was confirmed by the following of migration processes in the gunpowder mass. Therefore the possibility of the production of the gunpowder charges without nitroglycerine was investigated. The advantages of the modern gunpowders of low sensibility and "green" formulation, that positively influence the gunpowder charge quality, ammunition duration and performance were presented. The new plastic bonded explosives (PBX explosives) were examined, as well as the applications of nitramines in the modern explosives production. The verification of recycled explosives based on trotyl/nitramine composition was carried out by the investigation of physico-chemical and thermochemical properties using standard spectrophotometric methods. The suggestions for the production and laboration of the gunpowders charges as well as for the quality ammunition reception and delivery were given to manufacturers of gunpowder and ammunition...