Територијалне претензије социјалистичке Југославије (1943-1955): пројекти, захтеви, импликације и решења

Abstract

Posle kapitulacije Italije organi vlasti NOP-a na području Istre i Slovenačkog primorja donose odluke o prisajedinjenju tih područja Hrvatskoj, odnosno Sloveniji. Njihove odluke 30. novembra sankcionisane su na Drugom zasedanju Avnoja u Jajcu. Tim aktima socijalistička Jugoslavija započinje borbu za definisanje severozapadnih granica države. Temelj za revandikacije postavljen je četvrt veka ranija tokom stvaranja zajednice Južnih Slovena u mirovnom procesu posle Prvog svetskog rata. Kako sa aspekta Jugoslavije to pitanje nije u tom periodu rešeno na zadovaljavajući način, definisanje jugoslovenskih granica posle Drugog svetskog rata moglo bi se smatrati za nasleđen problem.. Smernice za postavljanje teritorijalnih zahteva prema severnim susedima definisane su tokom mirovnog procesa u Versaju, ali i kroz proglase KPJ u međuratnom periodu o rešavanju nacionalnog pitanja u Jugoslaviji i okruženju. Institucionalno NOP, kasnije FNRJ ovo pitanje definišu kroz delatnost slovenačkog Znanstvenog instituta, Jadranskog instituta u Sušaku i kroz rad federalne Komisije za razgraničenje i njenih republičkih komisija. Na terenu ovo pitanje pokušava da se reši kroz nametanje oružanom silom. Posle neuspeha politike svršenog čina započinje dugotrajna politička i diplomatska borba koja povremeno preti oružanom eskalacijom. Diplomatska borba se vodi u složenim uslovima ideološke konfrontacije Jugoslavije, prvo sa Zapadom, a posle 1948. i sa Istokom. Ovaj proces se okončava tek 1954.(sa Italijom) i 1955. godine (sa Austrijom) posle više rundi bilateralnih i multilaterelanih pregovora Jugoslavije, susednih država i velikih sila. Diplomatska inicijativa prema Mađarskoj okončana je u toku trajanja Pariske mirovne konferencije (1946), bez teritorijalnih izmena. Moglo bi se reći daje ovaj proces završen relativnim uspehom Jugoslavije, iako su glavni zahtevi jugoslovenske strane u pogledu Italije odbijeni delimično, a u pogledu Austrije u potpunosti. Finalizacija graničnog pitanja bila je uvod u zauzimanje specifične pozicije Jugoslavije na međunarodnoj političkoj sceni, odnosno u kreiranju Pokreta nesvrstanih zemalja.

After the Italian surrender, local authorities of Yugoslav National Liberation Movement made decisions about the incorporation of Istria and Slovene Littoral into Croatia and Slovenia. Their decisions were sanctioned on the Second Session of AVNOJ on November 30, 1943. These acts marked the beginning of the fight of socialist Yugoslavia for defining its northwestern borders. The basis for border revendication was set a quarter century earlier, during the creation of the South Slavic union in the peace process after WWI. Because that issue was not resolved satisfactorily for Yugoslavia over that period, the definition of the post- WWII Yugoslav borders could be regarded as an inherited problem. Guidelines for setting up territorial claims to northern neighboring countries were defined during the peace process in Versailles, and also through proclamations of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) in the interwar period dealing with the solution to the national question in Yugoslavia and the neighboring countries. The National Liberation Movement (NLM), and later the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia (FPRY), defined this problem institutionally through the activities of the slovenian Scientific Institute (Znanstveni inštitut), Adriatic Institute in Sušak (Jadranski institut), as well as through the work of the Federal Delimitation Commission and its commissions in the member republics of the federation. In the field, Yugoslavia tried to impose the solution for this problem by force of arms. After the failure of the fait accompli policy, a long-term political and diplomatic struggle began, occasionally threatening to escalate to an armed conflict. Diplomatic struggle was conducted in a complex situation of ideological confrontations of Yugoslavia, first with the West, and then with the East after 1948. This process ended only in 1954 (with Italy) and in 1955 (with Austria), after multiple bilateral and multilateral negotiations between Yugoslavia, its neighbors and the Great Powers. Diplomatic initiative towards Hungary was concluded during the Paris Peace Conference (1946) without territorial changes. Although main Yugoslav claims were rejected partially (to Italy) or totally (to Austria), it can be concluded that this process was completed relatively successfully for Yugoslavia. The finalization of the border dispute was a prelude to a specific positioning of Yugoslavia on the global diplomatic scene, and to the creation of the Non-Allied Movement.