Pečurke, u zavisnosti od vrste, imaju više ili manje razvijen efikasan mehanizam
apsorpcije makroelemenata i mikroelemenata. Zemljište predstavlja glavni izvor velikog
broja elemenata za njih. U zavisnosti od porekla, spoljašnjih uticaja i antropogenih
aktivnosti, koncentracije elemenata u zemljištu mogu varirati u širokom opsegu. Od
oblika i jačine veze elemenata sa supstratom zavisi njihova mobilnost i biodostupnost.
U cilju ispitivanja sposobnosti akumulacije elemenata jestive divlje vrste
pečurke Macrolepiota procera, određen je sadržaj 20 makroelemenata i mikroelemenata
(Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na i K) u
njenim šeširima i stabljikama, sakupljenim na pet lokacija u Rasinskom okrugu, kao i u
njihovim zemljišnim supstratima. Zemljišni supstrati su pripremani na dva načina:
1) prema modifikovanoj BCR sekvencijalnoj ekstrakcionoj proceduri sa četiri faze, radi
podele na frakcije: kiselo-rastvorne/izmenjive, reducibilne, oksidabilne i rezi...dualne i
2) razaranjem u carskoj vodi, u cilju određivanja pseudototalne koncentracije elemenata.
Za merenje sadržaja svih elemenata u pečurkama, osim Ca, Mg, Na i K, primenjena je
indukovano spregnuta plazma sa masenom spektrometrijom (ICP-MS), dok su ovi
makroelementi, kao i svi elementi u zemljištu određivani indukovano spregnutom
plazmom sa optičko emisionom spektometrijom (ICP-OES). Koncentracije
makroelemenata nalazile su se u opsegu uobičajenom za ovu vrstu pečurke. Rezultati
sadržaja elemenata u zemljištu i pečurkama podvrgnuti su multivarijantnoj analizi
podataka. Analiza glavnih komponenata (Principal Component Analysis, PCA) istakla
je razliku u uzorcima pečuraka sa različitih geografskih područja i otkrila uticaj sastava
zemljišta na sadržaj elemenata u pečurkama. Hijerarhijska klasterska analiza (HCA)
potvrdila je da su prve tri faze BCR sekvencijalne ekstrakcije najvažnije za apsorpciju
elemenata iz zemljišta od strane pečuraka. Rezultati linearne regresione korelacije
pokazali su da postoje značajne korelacije između sadržaja Ag, Cd, Se, Pb i As u
šeširima i stabljikama sa različitih lokacija. Izračunati su biokoncentracioni (BCF) i
translokacioni faktori (TF) za svaki element. M. procera značajno akumulira Cd, Cu,
Ag i K, u manjem obimu Zn, dok vrednosti BCF za Se i Na pokazuju različito
ponašanje, u zavisnosti od lokacije. Dobijene vrednosti TF ukazuju na efikasnu
translokaciju od stabljike do šešira metalnih jona Cd, Zn, Cu i u nešto manjem obimu,
zavisno od lokacije, Pb i As.
Što se tiče nutritivne vrednosti, rezultati pokazuju da M. procera može služiti
kao dobar izvor esencijalnih elemenata, kao što su Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K i Se. Ipak,
zbog povećane koncentracije kadmijuma, a na pojedinim lokacijama i olova,
konzumacija ove vrste pečurke sa ispitivanih područja može predstavljati rizik po
zdravlje konzumenata za vreme sezone njihovog branja.
Mushrooms, depending on species, have more or less developed mechanism of
absorption macroelements and microelements. Soil represents the main source of a large
number of elements to them. Depending of the origin, external influences and
antropogenic activities, concentrations of elements in soil may vary over a wide range.
Mobility and bioavailability of elements depend of their forms and the bond strength
with their soil substrate.
In order to investigate the mobility and availability of elements from soil to
mushrooms, the content of twenty elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr,
Ti, Zn, Ag, Se, As, Ca, Mg, Na and K) in caps and stipes of wild-grown edible
mushroom Macrolepiota procera and soil substrates, collected from five sites in Rasina
region, was determined. Soil substrates were prepared in two different ways:
1) according to the modified sequential extraction procedure proposed by the
Community Bureau of Reference in order to fractionate acid-soluble/exchangeab...le,
reducible, oxidizable and residual fractions and 2) digestion with aqua regia in order to
determine the pseudototal concentrations of elements. The content of all elements in
mushroom, except Ca, Mg, Na and K was determined by inductively coupled plasma
mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), while the content of these macroelements and all
elements in soil substrates was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). Concentrations of macroelements were in the range
of usual concentrations for this mushroom specie. The results of the contents of
elements in soils and mushrooms were subjected to multivariate data analysis. Principal
Component Analysis (PCA) distinguished the mushrooms samples from different
geographical area and revealed the influence of soil composition on metal content in
fruiting bodies. Hierarchical cluster analyses (HCA) confirmed that the first three
phases of extraction were the most important for metal uptake by mushrooms from soil.
Results of the linear regression correlation test showed the existence of significant
correlations between contents of Ag, Cd, Se, Pb and As in caps and stipes at different
geographic sites separately. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors for
each metal were calculated. These results indicated that M. procera significantly
accumulates cadmium, copper, silver and potassium, and to a lesser extent zinc, while
the BCF values for selenium and sodium showed different behaviour, depending on the
geographic sites. Obtained TF values showed efficient translocation of Cd, Zn and Cu
ions, from stipe to cap, and to a lesser extent, depending on sites, lead and arsenic.
As far as the nutritional value concern, the results showed that M. procera could
serve as a good dietary source of essential elements, especially Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Mg, K
and Se. However, because of high concentrations of cadmium, and at some sites, lead,
the consumption of this mushroom specie from investigated areas, may pose a health
risk for consumers during the “season of mushrooms.”
