Rasprostranjenje, ekologija i centri diverziteta slepih miševa (Mammalia, Chiroptera) u Srbiji

Abstract

U poslednjih šezdeset godina slepi miševi u Srbiji su veoma često bili objekti kraćih i/ili dugotrajnijih istraživanja, a rezultati su do sada samo sporadično objedinjavani i objavljivani. Cilj ove disertacije je objedinjavanje podataka o fauni slepih miševa na području Srbije, analiza i vrednovanje dominantnih ekoloških faktora koji generišu distribuciju faune, karakterizacija preferiranih tipova staništa i skloništa, analiza aktuelnog rasprostranjenja vrsta, analiza strukture faune i identifikacija centara diverziteta, procena statusa ugroženosti i predlog mera zaštite vrsta u Srbiji. Slepi miševi su po nizu ekološko-zoogeografskih pokazatelja među najugroženijim i najmanje poznatim sisarima, te je sumiranje saznanja, analiza i interpretacija podataka o rasprostranjenju preduslov za utvrđivanje ekoloških i zoogeografskih determinanti njihove raznovrsnosti kao osnova za izradu strategije očuvanja i zaštite vrsta, staništa i skloništa slepih miševa u Srbiji. U radu je izvršeno i definisanje areala svake pojedinačne vrste u Srbiji, utvrđivanje obrazaca vertikalne i horizontalne distribucije vrsta u odnosu na dominantne ekološke gradijente, definisanje karakterističnih bionomskih pokazatelja za svaku vrstu, utvrđivanje preferencije staništa i skloništa vrsta po fenološkim fazama tokom životnog ciklusa, procena brojnosti i populacionih trendova vrsta u Srbiji, analiza diverziteta slepih miševa Srbije po prostornim jedinicama, definisanje ekološkog statusa vrsta u Srbiji i nova procena statusa ugroženosti prema IUCN standardima i predlaganje mera očuvanja i zaštite vrsta, staništa i skloništa. Rasprostranjenje trideset vrsta slepih miševa, za koje je utvrđeno da žive u Srbiji, je mapirano u kvadratnim poljima osnove 10 km u okviru UTM projekcione mreže, i to: Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rh. ferrumequinum, Rh. euryale, Rh. mehelyi, Rh. blasii, Myotis daubentonii, M. dasycneme, M. capaccinii, M. brandtii, M. mystacinus, M. alcathoe, M. nattereri, M. emarginatus, M. bechsteinii, M. myotis, M. oxygnathus, Nyctalus noctula, N. leisleri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, P. nathusii, P. kuhlii, Hypsugo savii, Vespertilio murinus, Eptesicus serotinus, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus, P. macrobullaris, P. austriacus i Miniopterus schreibersii. Liste nalaza su date za svaku vrstu u okviru kojih i svi prikupljeni podaci o jedinkama, kolonijama, datumu, nalazištu, staništu, skloništu, nadmorskoj visini, UTM kvadratnom polju, kolektorskom/inventarskom broju, ustanovi gde se dokazni primerak ili podatak o nalazu čuva, nalazaču, identifikatoru i eventualnoj litaraturnoj jedinici koja opisuje nalaz. Broj nalaza varira u okviru vrsta, i to od jednog (Plecotus macrobullaris) do 325 (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Za svaku vrstu posebno su dati opšti bionomski podaci, populacioni status, faktori ugrožavanja, zakonska zaštita, nacionalni i međunarodni status zaštite, te mere očuvanja. Tako prikazani podaci su sintetizovani, analizirani i vrednovani. Analiza rasprostranjenja nalazišta vrsta slepih miševa u Srbiji vršena je najpre po UTM kvadratnim poljima, po administrativnim celinama i po širim hipsometrijskim oblastima. Ukupno je registrovano 605 nalazišta. U UTM kvadratnim poljima je beleženo od jednog do osmadeset nalazišta. Od ukupno 2168 nalaza, među kojima dominiraju skloništa (70 %) i mesta preleta/koridori (20 %), 62 % je zabeleženo nakon 1990. godine. Na 126 nalazišta su registrovane porodiljske kolonije, na 273 zimske, a na 34 kopulatorne...

During the last sixty years bats have often been a subject of short- and long-term research but so far the results have been synthesised and even published only sporadically. The aim of this study is to integrate data on bat fauna of Serbia, to analyse and evaluate prevailing ecological parameters determining distribution of bat fauna, to determine preferred types of habitats and roost sites, to analyse present distribution of species, to analyse the composition of bat fauna and to identify centres of diversity, to asses conservation status and to propose measures for species protection in Serbia. According to number of ecological-zoogeographic indicators, bats are among the most vulnerable and least known mammals; therefore, summation of knowledge, analysis and interpretation of data on distribution, is prerequisite for identification of the ecological and zoogeographic determinants of bat diversity as a basis for development of the strategy for conservation and protection of bat species, habitats and roosts in Serbia. This study also: defines range of each species in Serbia, identifies patterns of vertical and horizontal distribution of species in relation to the dominant ecological gradients, defines characteristic bionomic indicators for each species, identifies species’ habitat and roost preference per phenophases, assesses abundance and population trends of species in Serbia, analyses bat diversity of Serbia by spatial units, defines ecological status of species in Serbia, presents new assessment of species’ conservation status according to IUCN system, proposes measures for conservation and protection of species, habitats and roosts. Distribution of thirty bat species which have been found in Serbia is mapped by 10x10 km squares of the UTM projection grid, namely: Rhinolophus hipposideros, Rh. ferrumequinum, Rh. euryale, Rh. mehelyi, Rh. blasii, Myotis daubentonii, M. dasycneme, M. capaccinii, M. brandtii, M. mystacinus, M. alcathoe, M. nattereri, M. emarginatus, M. bechsteinii, M. myotis, M. oxygnathus, Nyctalus noctula, N. leisleri, Pipistrellus pipistrellus, P. pygmaeus, P. nathusii, P. kuhlii, Hypsugo savii, Vespertilio murinus, Eptesicus serotinus, Barbastella barbastellus, Plecotus auritus, P. macrobullaris, P. austriacus and Miniopterus schreibersii. Findings are listed for each species, containing all the data on individuals, colonies, date, locality, habitat, roost site, altitude, UTM grid square, the collector / inventory number, institution keeping a voucher specimen or information on finding, collector name, identifier name and possible literature unit describing the finding. Number of sites varies between species – from single one (Plecotus macrobullaris) to 325 (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). General bionomical data, population status, threats, legal protection, national and international status of protection as well as conservation measures are also given for each species. All those presented data are synthesised, analysed and evaluated. Distribution of bat findings in Serbia is analysed by UTM grid squares, first of all, and then by administrative units and by broader hypsometrical areas. A total of 605 sites are registered. One to eighty sites are recorded per single UTM grid squares. 62 % of the total 2,168 findings, mostly roosts (70 %) and flight paths / commuting routes (20 %), were recorded after 1990. At 126 sites nursery colonies are registered, at 273 winter colonies while at 34 sites mating colonies are found. The width of the species distribution range is analysed and it was found that only 4 out of 30 species have a narrow distribution...