Organizacija proizvodnje i prerade lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Republici Srbiji

Abstract

Upotreba lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u lečenju stanovništva u Srbiji ima dugu tradiciju. Pored primene u zdravstvenoj zaštiti, lekovito i aromatično bilje se sve više koristi u raznim granama industrije: farmaceutskoj, kozmetičkoj, hemijskoj, prehrambenoj, i dr. Proizvodnja lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja podrazumeva dobijanje sirovina branjem samoniklog bilja iz prirode (sakupljanje) i gajenjem na njivi (kultivacija, plantažna proizvodnja). Sakupljanje samoniklog lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja je sastavni deo aktivnosti mnogih seoskih domaćinstava. Berači prodaju bilje direktno preduzećima ili su organizovani u beračke grupe gde je vođa grupe lice odgovorno za ubrane količine, kvalitet, i dr. Povećana tražnja za lekovitim i aromatičnim biljem dovela je do uvođenja velikog broja lekovitih vrsta u plantažnu proizvodnju. Gajenjem se dobija veća količina biljnih sirovina, postiže se ujednačen kvalitet, značajno se smanjuje pritisak na prirodne resurse. Danas je plantažna proizvodnja najvećim delom organizovana na porodičnim gazdinstvima, na parcelama veličine od nekoliko ari do nekoliko hektara, i najčešće se radi za poznatog kupca (kooperacija). Radi sigurnijeg snabdevanja mnoga preduzeća organizuju samostalno gajenje lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja za proizvodnju različitih biljnih proizvoda (medicinski čajevi, filter čajevi, kapi, ekstrakti, etarska ulja, itd.), ili za izvoz. Specifičnost tržišta lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji je prisustvo velikog broja aktera: berača (sakupljača), proizvođača gajenog bilja (poljoprivredna gazdinstva), privatnih preduzeća registrovanih za različite delatnosti, kao što su gajenje, otkup, prerada, promet lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja i šumskih plodova, proizvodnja dijetetskih suplemenata i medicinskih sredstava, proizvodnja farmaceutskih proizvoda, proizvodnja i promet lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja i etarskih ulja, proizvodnja čajeva, veleprodaja, maloprodaja, uvoz dijetetskih proizvoda, potrošnja i dr. Sektor lekovitog i aromatičnog bilja u Srbiji i tržište biljnih proizvoda su u fazi razvoja. Da bi se sektor brže i uspešnije razvijao, neophodno je preduzeti različite organizacione, ekonomske i zakonske mere i uključiti različite interesne grupe (relevantne državne institucije, privatna preduzeća iz sektora, nevladine i međunarodne organizacije, pojedince, itd.)...

The use of medicinal and aromatic plants in the treatment of population in Serbia has a long tradition. Besides application in health care, the medicinal and aromatic plants is increasingly used in various industries: pharmaceutical, cosmetic, chemical, food one etc. Production of medicinal and aromatic plants involves picking raw materials from nature (collection) and cultivating in a field (cultivation, plantation production). Collecting of wild medical and the aromatic plants is essential part of many rural households. The plant pickers sell the plants directly to the enterprises or they are organized in so-called “pickers’ groups”, where the leader of the group is responsible for the harvest quantity, quality, etc. Increased demand for medicinal and aromatic plants has led to the introduction of a large number of medicinal species in plantation production. By cultivating there are obtained the larger quantities of raw materials and uniform quality, but also it is significantly reduced the pressure on natural resources. Today the plantation production is mostly organized on family farms, on plots of several acres up to several hectares, and most often it is cultivated for known buyer (cooperation). In order to secure supply many companies organize by themselves the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants for the production of various plant products (medicinal teas, filter teas, drops, extracts, essential oils, etc.), or for the export. Specific characteristic of the medicinal and aromatic plants’ market in Serbia is the presence of a large number of stakeholders: pickers (collectors), producers of cultivated plants (agricultural farms), the private companies registered for various activities such as growing, purchasing, processing, transport of medicinal and aromatic plants and wild berries, production of dietary supplements, medical agents, pharmaceuticals products, production and trade of medicinal and aromatic plants and essential oils, tea manufacturing, wholesale , retail, import of dietetic products, consumption etc. The sector of medicinal and aromatic plants in Serbia, as well as the market of plant products is in the development phase. In order that the sector should have the faster and more successful development, it is necessary to undertake the variety of organizational, economical and legal measures, as well as to introduce the various stakeholders (relevant governmental institutions, private companies from sector, non-governmental and international organizations, individuals, etc.)...