Metodologija izbora optimalne veličine osnovne zone bilansiranja (OZB) u vodovodnim sistemima

Abstract

Prethodnih decenija je prepoznata opasnost od ugrožavanja vodnog resursa. Paralelno sa tim, gotovo u svim evropskim zemljama, specifiĉna potrošnja vode je imala trend porasta. Povećanje potrošnje vode po glavi stanovnika, je najprije posljedica povećanja gubitaka u vodovodnim sistemima. Poznato je da se gubici vode iz sistema za snabdijevanje ne mogu potpuno eliminisati, ali se mogu kontrolisati. Podjelom vodovodnog sistema na zone znatno se olakšava posao kontrole gubitaka. Opšte prihvaćen naziv za te zone je "District Metered Areas" (DMA), tj osnovne zone bilansiranja (OZB). Osnovna zona bilansiranja je definisana kao zasebna oblast vodovodnog sistema, obiĉno kreirana zatvaranjem zatvaraĉa ili potpunim prekidom cjevovoda, koja ima svoj ulaz i izlaz. U zoni se mjeri koliĉina vode koja ulazi i izlazi iz te oblasti. Dekompozija vodovodnog sistema na osnovne zone bilansiranja nije ni malo jednostavan zadatak, jer zavisi od više faktora. Faktori koji utiĉu na veliĉinu osnovne zone bilansiranja su tehniĉke i ekonomske prirode. Kontrola pritiska je važan tehniĉki faktor u procesu smanjenja gubitaka. Upravljanje pritiskom je danas priznato kao jedna od najisplativijih metoda za smanjenje gubitaka vodovodnih sistema. Ekonomski faktori su najĉešće odluĉujući u procesu formiranja OZB. Pravilna analiza ekonomskih faktora, koji prate dekompoziciju sistema na OZB je presudni ĉinilac, na osnovu kojeg se preduzeća koja upravljaju vodovodnim sistemima odluĉuju na korak zoniranja sistema. Osim faktora tehniĉke i ekonomske prirode, sociološki faktori su prepoznati kao važni u procesu podjele sistema na zone. Pod sociološkim faktorima se podrazumjeva uticaj društvene zajednice na važnost rada na smanjenju gubitaka u vodovodnim sistemima. Obzirom na dosadašnju praksu, pojavila se potreba da se uticaji navedenih faktora objedine u jedinstvenu metodologiju, koja će preciznije definisati postupak odreĊivanja optimalne veliĉine OZB. Predmet istraživanja, koje je sprovedeno u ovom radu, je analiza faktora koji utiĉu na izbor optimalne veliĉine OZB u vodovodnim sistemima. Analizirani su faktori tehniĉke i ekonomske prirode. Shodno toj analizi, definisana je metodologija izbora optimalne veliĉine OZB.

Drinking water supplies have been seriously endangered over the recent decades. In parallel, specific water consumption per capita has grown in almost every country. The significant increase of water consumption per capita predominantly occurs as a result of the increase of water loss in distribution systems. It is well known that water losses from the supply systems cannot be eliminated. However, they can be controlled. Decomposition of water distribution networks into areas enables better water loss management. The generally accepted term for the areas is “District Metered Areas“ (DMAs). District Metered Area is defined as a separate part of the water supply system, normally created by closing the valve or by a complete break of the pipeline, which has its entry and exit point. In the area the quantity of water coming in and out is measured. Decomposition of water supply systems into district metered areas is not a simple task as it depends on a number of factors. The factors influencing the size of district metered areas are grouped into technical and economic ones. Pressure control represents a relevant technical component in the process of water loss reduction. Nowadays pressure management has been recognized as one of the most economical methods for water loss reduction in distribution systems. Economic factors usually play the most crucial role in creating DMAs. The proper analysis of economic factors, associated with the decomposition of the system into DMAs, is of high importance, depending on which water companies decide upon the district metering. Apart from the technical and economic factors, social factors have been emphasized as significant in the process of dividing the distribution system into areas. The social factors refer to the influence of social community on the very water loss reduction in the distribution systems. According to the former practice, a need to consolidate the impacts of the stated factors into a unique methodology has emerged. The aim of the methodology would be to define more precisely the procedure of determining the optimum size of DMAs. The subject of the research, conducted in this paper, is the analysis of the factors influencing the selection of the optimum size of DMAs in water supply systems. The technical and economic factors are examined. According to the analysis, the methodology concerning the selection of the optimum size of DMAs is defined.