Analiza hemijskih i nutritivnih karakteristika polena koji su medonosne pčele sakupile u različitim regionima Srbije

Abstract

U ovom radu ispitivane su hemijska i nutritivna svojstva polena koji su sakupile medonosne pčele i to: palinološko poreklo uzoraka polena, sadržaji pepela, vlage, makro‐ i mikroelemenata, energetska vrednost, ukupni sadržaji proteina, ugljenih hidrata, lipida i fenola, ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet kao i pojedinačni sadržaji rastvorljivih ugljenih hidrata, masnih kiselina i fenolnih jedinjenja. Osim toga, ispitano je i prisustvo plesni i aflatoksina B1, kao mikrobiološki parametar ispravnosti uzoraka kao i tehno‐funkcionalnih svojstava: peniva i emulgujuća svojstva, rastvorljivost proteina i ugljenih hidrata, kapaciteti vezivanja vode i ulja. Utvrđeno je da se uzorci razlikuju po botaničkom poreklu, da je većina polifloralnog tipa sa petnaest zastupljenih biljnih vrsta i rodova od kojih su najzastupljeniji bili krstašice (kupusnjače) (Brassicaceae) i mahunarke (Fabaceae). Sadržaj vlage u ispitivanim uzorcima se kretao u opsegu od 4,35 do 14,35 g/100g dok je sadržaj pepela bio u intervalu 1,18‐3,32 g/100g. Na osnovu sadržaja ukupnih proteina (14,81‐27,25%), ugljenih hidrata (64,42‐81,84%), lipida (1,31‐ 6,78%) i prosečne energetske vrednosti (375 kcal) zaključeno je da bi se polen koji su sakupile medonosne pčele mogao koristiti kao dodatak ishrani. Na osnovu sadržaja pojedinačnih rastvorljivih ugljenih hidrata utvrđeno je da je, u najvećem broju uzoraka, najzastupljeniji šećer fruktoza. Osim nje identifikovane su i glukoza, maltoza, saharoza i trehaloza. Od pojedinačnih masnih kiselina u uzorcima polena identifikovano ih je dvadeset, od čega je šest zastupljeno u svim uzorcima – C8:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6 i C18:3n‐3. Na osnovu kvantitativne analize ukupnog sadržaja fenolnih jedinjenja (25,82 ‐ 206,09 mg/100g) za većinu uzoraka se moglo reći da su sadržavali male količine fenolnih jedinjenja. U svim uzorcima identifikovana su četiri od ukupno trinaest prisutnih fenolnih jedinjenja – rutin, luteolin, galna i hlorogena kiselina. Ukupni antioksidativni kapacitet ispitivanih uzoraka se kretao u opsegu od 27,46 do 138,89 mmol kg‐1 TROLOX‐a...

In this study chemical and nutritional characteristics of bee‐collected pollen have been determined: palynological origin of samples, ash, moisture, macro and microelements content, as well as energetic value and total content of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and fenolic compounds as well as total antioxidative capacity. Furthermore, contents of soluble sugars, fatty acids and phenolic compounds have been estimated. Presence of moulds and aflatoxin B1 has been investigated as well as techno‐functional properties such as: of protein and carbohydrate solubility, foaming and emulsifying properties, water and oil absorption capacity. It was found that most of the samples were polyfloral with different palynological origin represented by fifteen plant families or species. The most abundant families were Brassicaceae and Fabaceae. The moisture content was ranged from 4.35 to 14.35 g/100g, while content of ash varied in the range: 1.18 ‐ 3.32 g/100g. Based on the total protein (14.81 to 27.25%), carbohydrate (64.42 to 81.84%) and lipid (1.31 to 6.78%) contents and the average energy value (375 kcal), it was concluded that bee‐collected pollen could be used as a dietary supplement. Among soluble carbohydrates the most abundant sugar was fructose. In addition glucose, sucrose, maltose and trechalose were found. Twenty fatty acids were detected in samples wherein six were found in all of the investigated samples‐ C8:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1n‐9, C18:2n‐6 i C18:3n‐3. Based on the total content of phenolic compounds (25.89 ‐ 206.09 g/100g) most of the samples were characterized by low level. Four of the thirteen detected phenolic compounds were found in all samples‐ rutin, luteolin, galic and chlorogenic acid. Total antioxidative capacity was ranged from 27.46 to 138.89 mmol kg‐1 of TROLOX. On the basis of the content of macro‐ and microelements, it was concluded that the three most common elements in samples of pollen were potassium, calcium...