Tradicionalno narodno pjevanje sjeverozapadne Bosne sa posebnim akcentom na Ojkači

Abstract

Uvodno poglavlje je svojevrstan prolog u kojem se ukazuje na istorijske okolnosti pod kojim se istraživano područje formiralo kao istorijsko-geografska oblast, na mnoge administrativne, odnosno teritorijalne promene, na izolovanost, ali i na česta ratna pustošenja koja su imala znatan uticaj na socijalnu i etničku strukturu stanovništva koje je u skladu sa svojim dinarskim poreklom do danas zadržalo svoj identitet, kako na planu materijalne, tako i na planu duhovne kulture Načelno je predstavljena tematika ovog rada, uz obrazloženja o opravdanosti odabira teme. Studija je zasnovana na terenskim istraživanjima obavljenim u 44 naselja ove oblasti. Uz to, u radu je korišćena i građa akademika Vlade Miloševića koja potiče iz desetak naselja. Transkribovane su 194 pesme, kako dvoglasne, starijeg i novijeg sloja, tako i one jednoglasne (uspavanke, tužbalice, svatovske, putničke i dr.). Ovde se detaljno govori o najznačajnijim karakteristikama tradicionalnog narodnog pevanja severozapadne Bosne, unošenjem svojevrsnog reda u ono što se do sada znalo o ovom pevanju, najviše iz tekstova akademika Vlade Miloševića, ali i iz istraživanja nekolicine istraživača koji su se ovim pevanjem bavili u novije vreme. Ova studija iznosi i niz novih podataka do kojih se došlo na osnovu vlastitog istraživanja autora. Posebna pažnja posvećena je i "ojkači" kao tradicionalnoj pesmi Bosanske Krajine, gde se ističe da je u pitanju naziv koji po svom obliku podseća na tradicionalni ("ojkanje"), ali i na to da je on u osnovi nov, srodan onom "izvorno pevanje (pesma)" koje postoji i u Srbiji. To se potkrepljuje činjenicom da etnomuzikolog Vlado Milošević ojkaču ne pominje ni jedan jedini put, kao i kazivanjima pevača koji se sećaju vremena kada ovaj termin nije postojao u njihovoj praksi. Kao značajnim, u ovoj studiji se govori o karakteristikama stiha, karakteristikama tempa, tonskim karakteristikama, kao i sazvučnim karakteristikama (sa oblicima dvoglasa, heterofonijom i heterofonijom-bordunom kad su u pitanju stariji oblici dvoglasa, te homofonijom, kod novijih dvoglasnih oblika pevanja).

Preface is the sort of prologue in which it was referred to historical circumstances on which the field of research was formed as the historical and geographical domain, upon many administrative and territorial changes, isolation, and the frequent wartime devastation which had important influence on the social and ethnic structure of the population, who had held its identity up to date in accordance with the origin from Dinara Mountain, in the field of material and spiritual culture. The theme of this work is shown in principle with the explanation of validity of choosing the topic. The study is based on the field researches that are made in the 44 settlements of the mentioned area. Besides, academician Vlado Milosevic’s inheritance which originates from ten of the settlements had been used in this work. In the study 194 songs had been transcribed, two voices songs both past and present layer, and single voice songs (lullabies, laments, wedding, travel etc.) The most important characteristics of traditional folk singing in northwest Bosnia here are explained in details, introducing a kind of order in what was so far known about this type of singing, mostly from academician Vlado Milosevic’s texts and from the professional work of few researchers who were recently dealt with this type of singing. Special attention is paid on the traditional song from Bosanska Krajina called “ojkača”. It is emphasized that the title recalls to the traditional way of singing called “ojkanje”, and the fact it is basically new and related to the term “traditional singing” which also exists in Serbia. It is corroborated with the fact that ethnomusicologist Vlado Milosevic not even once mentioned “ojkača” song and with the sayings of the singers who remember the period when this term has not existed in their field of work. This study significantly talks about characteristics of the verse, the characteristics of the tempo, tonal characteristics, as well as comprehensive characteristics (with the forms of two voices singing, heterophony and bordun heterophony when it is about the elder forms of two voices singing and homophony as in the modern forms of two voices singing).