Razvoj estetske preferencije slika
Development of aesthetic preference of visual stimuli
Author
Janković, Dragan R.Mentor
Marković, SlobodanCommittee members
Mirić, JovanKnežević, Goran

Škorc, Bojana

Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Za različite aspekte sveta koji nas okružuje, bilo da su u pitanju objekti, priroda,
drugi ljudi, umetnička dela, relativno lako možemo da kažemo koliko nam se sviđaju ili
ne sviđaju, koliko su nam lepi ili ružni. Međutim, pokušaj da se pruži odgovor na
pitanje zašto neke objekte doživljavamo kao lepe ili ružne se, nakon vekova teorijskog
razmatranja u okviru filozofije i empirijskog izučavanja u okviru psihologije, pokazao
kao ni malo lak. S obzirom da pokušaji objašnjenja estetske preferencije objektivnim
karakteristikama stimulusa nisu pokazali zadovoljavajuće rezultate, fokus istraživanja se
u poslednje vreme sve više usmerava ka različitim subjektivnim faktorima kao
uzročnicima estetske preferencije. U ovoj studiji objašnjenju fenomena estetske
preferencije smo pristupili iz okvira dimenzionalnih teorija emocija, preciznije, iz
okvira trodimenzionalnog modela afektivnog doživljaja do koga smo došli u našim
prethodnim istraživanjima. Time smo u ovom radu, u odnosu na prethodne rado...ve koji
su se bavili razvojem estetske preferencije slika, pomerili fokus interesovanja sa
sadržaja koje preferiraju ispitanici različitih uzrasta, na mehanizme koji stoje u osnovi
estetske preferencije na različitim uzrastima. Cilj ovog rada je bio da ispitamo prirodu
povezanosti tri dimenzije afektivnog doživljaja (valence, pobuđenosti i kognitivne
evaluacije) i estetske preferencije slika kod ispitanika uzrasta 9, 13 i 18 godina.
Izvedeno je 6 istraživanja kojima je ispitivano: kakva je povezanost tri afektivne
dimenzije i estetske preferencije kod ispitanika različitog uzrasta (Istraživanje 1), koje
kriterijume ispitanici različitog uzrasta koriste pri estetskoj proceni slika, i kakva je
povezanost afektivnog doživljaja tih kriterijuma i estetske preferencije (Istraživanje 2),
kakav je uticaj valence (prijatnosti) stimulusa na estetsku preferenciju kod ispitanika tri
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uzrasta (Istraživanje 3), kakav je uticaj povećanja poznatosti stimulusa (usled prethodne
izloženosti) na estetsku preferenciju kod ispitanika tri uzrasta (Istraživanje 4), kakav je
efekat lakoće procesiranja na estetsku preferenciju kod ispitanika tri uzrasta
(Istraživanje 5), kakav je odnos valence (prijatnosti) i pobuđenosti (upečatljivosti,
zanimljivosti, pobuđenosti) pri estetskoj proceni vizuelnih stimulusa kod ispitanika iz tri
uzrasne grupe (Istraživanje 6). Rezultati Istraživanja 1 su pokazali da su valenca,
pobuđenost i kognitivna evaluacija visoko korelirani sa estetskom preferencijom na sva
tri uzrasta, kao i da sa porastom uzrasta raste korelacija valence sa estetskom
preferencijom, dok korelacija pobuđenosti i kognitivne evaluacije sa estetskom
preferencijom opada. Strukturalni model relacija evaluativnih dimenzija i estetske
preferencije je sugerisao da postoji direktno kauzalno delovanje valence i pobuđenosti
na estetsku preferenciju dok se uticaj kognitivne evaluacije ostvaruje većim delom
preko druge dve evaluativne dimenzije i to prevashodno preko pobuđenosti. Rezultati
Istraživanja 2 su pokazali da ispitanici različitog uzrasta uzimaju različite kriterijume u
obzir prilikom donošenja estetske odluke. Sa porastom uzrasta opada značaj
perceptivnih kriterijuma (tema, boja, perceptivne asocijacije), a raste značaj kognitivnih
(formalni aspekti slike i kognitivna elaboracija) i afektivnih kriterijuma pri doživljaju
slike kao lepe ili ružne. Na osnovu modela sa tri afektivne dimenzije kao prediktorima
estetske preferencije, na uzrastu od 18 godina oko 98% varijanse estetske preferencje
slika može da se objasni valencom, pobuđenošću i kognitivnom evaluacijom
pojedinačnih značenja koja su aktivirana u svesti ispitanika pri posmatranju slike (96%
na uzrastu od 13 godina i oko 94% na uzrastu od 9 godina). Drugim rečima, što su
brojna značenja koja slika izaziva kod ispitanika prijatnija, jasnija i više pobuđujuća, to
će slika biti ocenjena kao lepša. Rezultati Istraživanja 3 u kome je korićena procedura
afektivnog primovanja su pokazali da sa porastom valence stimulusa-primova raste
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estetska preferencija prethodno neutralnih stumulusa-meta u istoj meri kod ispitanika iz
sve tri uzrasne grupe. Rezulati Istraživanja 4 su pokazali da se na uzrastu od 18 godina
dobija očekivani pozitivni efekat prethodne izloženosti stimulusa na estetsku
preferenciju, na uzrastu od 13 godina efekat nije bio značajan, dok je na uzrastu od 9
godina dobijen obrnuti efekat prethodne izlozenosti. Rezultati Istraživanja 5 su pokazali
da lakoća procesiranja sadržaja slike u istoj meri doprinosi estetskoj preferenciji slike
kod ispitanika sva tri uzrasta (tj. jasnije, razumljivije, smislenije slike se preferiraju više
od nejasnih, nerazumljivih i besmislenih u istoj meri na sva tri uzrasta). Rezultati
Istraživanja 6 su ukazali na postojanje složene interakcije valence i pobuđenosti pri
estetskoj preferenciji slika. Naime, kada su stimulusi jasno obojeni kao prijatni ili
neprijatni ispitanici uzrasta 9 i 13 godina estetsku odluku dominantno donose na osnovu
valence stimulusa, međutim kada stimulusi nemaju valencu, tj. kada je valenca
stimulusa neutralna, onda dominantan kriterijum za estetsko preferiranje postaje
pobuđenost stimulusa i to na taj način da se preferiraju više pobuđujući stimulusi.
Dobijeni rezultati su diskutovani u kontekstu postojećih teorija i modela estetske
preferencije koji su predlagani u okviru eksperimentalne estetike i razvojne psihologije.
Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja do kojih smo došli u ovom radu, predložili smo VACe
(Valence, Arousal and Cognitive evaluation) model estetske preferencije za koji
smatramo da može da ponudi adekvatan teorijski okvir za interpretaciju i dalje
izučavanje fenomena estetske preferencije.
Humans can relatively easily describe various aspects of the world that surrounds us
(objects, nature, other people or works of art) as something that they like or dislike, and
as beautiful or ugly. However, an attempt to provide an answer to the question why we
experience certain objects as beautiful or ugly has turned out to be quite difficult, in
spite of centuries of philosophical theorising, as well as, more recently, empirical
research in psychology. Early efforts to address this question within psychology, i.e. to
interpret and explain aesthetic preference by objective features of stimuli have not
reached fruitful results; therefore, focus of more recent research has shifted to different
subjective factors as determinants of aesthetic preference. In this study, we approached
the phenomenon of aesthetic preference using the framework of dimensional theories of
emotion, more precisely, the three-dimensional model of affective experience, which we
developed in our previous research.... Due to such an approach, the current study (in
comparison to other studies that have addressed the aesthetic development), has shifted
its focus from content preferred by participants of different age groups to mechanisms
underlying the aesthetic preference at different ages. This study was aimed at analysing
the nature of connections between three dimensions of affective experience (valence,
arousal, cognitive evaluation) and aesthetic preference of visual stimuli (paintings,
photographs and abstract visual patterns) in participants from different age groups (9-,
13- and 18 year-olds). In total, six research studies were carried out. The Study 1
examined correlations between three affective dimensions and aesthetic preference in
participants of different age groups. The Study 2 addressed the following issue: which
criteria have been used by participants of different ages in aesthetic judgments of
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paintings, and also examined links between affective experience of these criteria and
aesthetic preference. In the Study 3, we examined the impact of valence (pleasantness of
stimuli) on aesthetic preference in participants of the above-mentioned three age groups,
whereas the Study 4 was focused on the impact of increasing familiarity (due to mere
exposure) on aesthetic preference in participants of different ages. The effect of
processing fluency on aesthetic preference in different age groups was examined in the
Study 5. Finally, the relations between valence (pleasantness) and arousal
(impressiveness, interestingness, etc.) in a process of aesthetic assessment of visual
stimuli (in different age groups) were analysed in the Study 6. Results of the Study 1
indicated that valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation were highly correlated with
aesthetic preference in all three age groups. Correlation between valence and aesthetic
preference has increased with age, while the correlation between arousal and cognitive
evaluation on one side, and aesthetic preference on the other has decreased with age.
Structural model of relations between affective dimensions and aesthetic preference
implied direct causal relations of valence and arousal on aesthetic preference, while the
effect of cognitive evaluation has been mostly mediated by the other two affective
dimensions (primarily, by arousal). The Study 2 revealed that participants of different
ages relied on different criteria in a process of reaching an aesthetic decision. As age
increased, the impact of perceptive criteria (such as topic, colour, perceptive
associations) decreased, while the relevance of cognitive (including formal aspects of
the painting, and cognitive elaboration) and affective criteria increased. Relying on the
model of three affective dimensions as predictors of aesthetic preference, about 98% of
variance in aesthetic preference of paintings in the age group of 18-year-olds (96% of
variance in the group of 13-year-olds, and 94% in the youngest group of nine-year-olds,
respectively) was explained by valence, arousal and cognitive evaluation of particular
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meanings activated in participants’ minds while they watched the paintings. In other
words, a particular painting was experienced as more beautiful as various meanings
elicited by the painting were more pleasant, more clear and more arousing. Results of
the Study 3 (in which the procedure of affective priming was used) implied that an
increase in valence of primes led to an increase in aesthetic preference of previously
neutral targets (Chinese ideograms), to the same extent in all three age groups. In the
Study 4, it turned out that the expected effect of mere exposure of stimuli on the
aesthetic preference was obtained only in the age group of 18-year-olds. In the age
group of 13-year-olds, the effect of mere exposure was not statistically significant,
while in the youngest age group (nine-year-olds), such an effect was reversed. The
Study 5 showed that processing fluency of the cubistic paintings’ content contributed to
aesthetic preference to the same extent in all three age groups, i.e. stimuli with higher
content accessibility were preferred in comparison to stimuli with lower content
accessibility (to the same extent in all three age groups). Results of the Study 6 implied
a complex interaction of conditioned valence and arousal in aesthetic preference of
(previously neutral) Chinese ideograms. Namely, when stimuli were distinctively
pleasant or unpleasant, aesthetic decision in younger age groups (nine and 13 years of
age) relied primarily on valence of stimuli. In contrast, when stimuli had no valence
(when the valence of stimuli was neutral), the conditioned arousal became the dominant
criterion for aesthetic preference (highly arousing stimuli were preferred). The obtained
results were discussed from the perspective of the existing theories and models of
aesthetic preference that have been developed within experimental aesthetics and
developmental psychology. Relying on the findings of this research study, we have
suggested the VACe (Valence, Arousal and Cognitive evaluation) model of aesthetic
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preference that, in our opinion, may provide an appropriate theoretical framework for
interpretation and further exploration of the phenomenon of aesthetic preference.
Faculty:
Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултетDate:
13-02-2015Projects:
- Fundamental cognitive processes and functions (RS-179033)
Keywords:
estetska preferencija / aesthetic preference / estetski razvoj / valenca / pobuđenost / kognitivna evaluacija / eksperimentalna estetika / VACe model estetske preferencije / valence / arousal / cognitive evaluation / aesthetic development / experimental aesthetics / VACe model of aesthetic preferencesRelated items
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