Metadiskurs u savremenim italijanskim akademskim i novinskim člancima

Abstract

Poslednjih godina fokus lingvista pomeren je sa ideacione dimenzije na interpersonalni plan teksta ili govora. Pisci ili govornici ne predstavljaju samo informacije, već nastoje da svoje informacije učine razumljivim i prihvatljivim. Na taj način, autori i govornici uvode čitaoce ili sagovornike u svoju stvarnost, tj. motivišu svoju publiku da ih podrži i prati. Shodno tome, efikasna komunikacija nije samo razmena informacija, robe ili usluga, već uključuje ličnosti, stavove i pretpostavke učesnika (Hyland 2005: 3). Jedno od ključnih jezičkih sredstava kojima autor može pretpostaviti potrebe čitalaca, iskazati stepen formalnosti, moći, ili pak bliskosti je upravo metadiskurs. Metadiskurs je „pisanje o pisanju” (Williams 1985: 226), „diskurs o diskursu” ili „komunikacija o komunikaciji” (Vande Kopple 1985: 83). Obuhvata jezički materijal koji signalizira autorovo prisustvo i odnos prema propozicionom sadržaju i čitalačkoj publici (Swales 1990: 188). Ukratko, metadiskurs pomaže čitaocima da „organizuju, klasifikuju, tumače, procene i reaguju“ na datu informaciju (Vande Kopple 1985: 83). Predmet ovog rada je metadiskurs u akademskim i novinskim člancima (uvodnicima) na italijanskom jeziku. Iako Hyland (2005: 200-204) ističe da je neophodno istražiti metadiskursnu prirodu u različitim žanrovima, napisanim za različitu publiku i na različite teme, uporedne studije su retke čak i na engleskom jeziku. Izbor žanrova opravdan je njihovom društvenom ulogom. Akademski članci su jedinstveni vid komunikacije naučne zajednice i imaju ključnu ulogu u afirmaciji njenih članova. Stoga pored referencijske, akademski članci imaju persuazivnu i argumentacijsku funkciju. Isto tako, novinski uvodnici obrađuju teme koje su od posebnog društvenog značaja u trenutku njihovog objavljivanja i smatraju se najprikladnijim primerom persuazivnog pisanja (Connor 1996: 143). Dakle, oba žanra su arumentacijska, ali napisana za različite potrebe i publiku. Na osnovu svega toga, pretpostavljena je različita upotreba metadiskursa u navedenim žanrovima...

In recent years, the linguists’ focus has moved from ideational dimension to interpersonal plan of a text or a speech. Namely, writers or speakers do not only present some information, they also try to make that information understandable and acceptable. At the same time, authors and speakers introduce their readers and interlocutors to their own reality ie. they motivate their audience to support and follow them in a number of different ways. Consequently, effective communication is not simply an exchange of information, goods or services, but it also involves personalities, attitudes and assumptions of those who are communicating (Hyland 2005: 3). One of the key aiding linguistic tools by which the author can assume the needs of his readers, express the level of formality, power or even closeness is actually what metadiscourse is all about. Metadiscourse is “writing about writing” (Williams 1985: 226), “a discourse about a discourse” or “communication about communication” (Vande Kopple 1985: 83). It encompases linguistic material which signals the author’s presence and his relation to the propositional content and reading audience (Swales 1990:188). To summarise, metadiscourse assists the readers to “organise, classify, interpret, evaluate, and react to such material” (Vande Kopple 1985: 83). The subject of this dissertation is metadiscourse in academic articles and newspaper editorials in the Italian language. Although Hyland (2005: 200-204) emphasizes that it is necessary to study the metadiscourse in different genres, written for different audiences and on different subjects, the comparative studies are still rare even in English language. The choice of genres is justified by their social roles. Academic articles are a genuine means of communication within the scientific community and they play a key role in the affirmation of its members. Therefore, in addition to their referential function, academic articles have persuasive and argumentative function, too. Likewise, newspaper editorials cover some topics of a special social significance at the moment of their publication and are considered the most appropriate example of persuasive writing (Connor 1996: 143). Thus, both genres are argumentative but written for different purposes and audiences. Based on the information mentioned above, we assumed a different usage of metadiscourse in the mentioned genres...