Mogućnosti nastanka i razvoja ekološkog pokreta u Srbiji u kontekstu postsocijalističke transformacije
Potentials of emergence and development of environmental movement in Serbia in the postsocialist context
Author
Vukelić, Jelisaveta S.
Mentor
Petrović, Mina
Committee members
Vuletić, VladimirPavlović, Vukašin
Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Pitanje mogućnosti formiranja ekološkog pokreta u Srbiji u kontekstu
postsocijalistiĉke transformacije društva i procesa evrointegracija, predstavlja predmet
bavljenja ove doktorske disertacije. Rad se sastoji iz tri veće celine i poglavlja u kome
su izneta zakljuĉna razmatranja.
U prvom delu rada, razvijeni su uporedno-istorijski, kontekstualni, konceptualni
i metodološki okvir istraţivanja, kao polazne osnove za dalje analize. Kako bi mogle
biti obuhvaćene sve relevantne dimenzije kompleksnog fenomena ekološkog pokreta i
sloţena mreţa ĉinilaca koji utiĉu na njegov nastanak i razvoj, u istraţivanju su
kombinovano korišćene razliĉite metodološke tehnike: anketno ispitivanje stavova i
praksi na reprezentativnom uzorku graĊana Srbije (N=1952) i predstavnika lokalnih
samouprava (N=232), polustrukturisani intervjui sa predstavnicima nevladinih
organizacija (N=44), kao i dve studije sluĉaja zajednica sa izraţenim ekološkim
problemima - Panĉeva i Bora.
Drugi deo rada je posvećen opisu i anal...izi pojedinaĉnih elemenata ekološkog
pokreta: ekoloških aktivista, ekoloških grupa / organizacija, ekoloških mreţa,
kolektivnog identiteta i ekoloških konflikata. Na osnovu detaljne analize karakteristika
osnovnih elemenata pokreta, u zakljuĉnom poglavlju drugog dela rada daje se odgovor
na pitanje: da li u Srbiji postoji ekološki pokret? Osnovni istraţivaĉki nalaz je da u
Srbiji nije došlo do formiranja klasiĉnog participativnog tipa ekološkog pokreta, kakav
je prisutan u zemljama Zapada. TakoĊe, nema ni naznaka znaĉajnijeg prisustva
elemenata transakcionog ekološkog aktivizma (pokreta), ĉiji je prisustvo zabeleţeno u
zemljama Centralne Evrope. Umesto toga, svedoci smo razvoja specifiĉnog modela
ekološkog kolektivnog delanja koji smo nazvali "ekološkim trećim sektorom". Naime,
za razliku od participativnog i transakcionog delanja, koji imaju naglašeno politiĉku
dimenziju, aktivnosti organizacija u okviru trećeg sektora su preteţno "apolitiĉne" po
karakteru, usmerene na pruţanje usluga u oblastima iz kojih se, u sklopu neoliberalnih
reformi, drţava povukla. Pored nerazvijenosti konfliktne (politiĉke) dimenzije, ekološki
treći sektor odlikuje i atomizovano delanje profesionalnih ekoloških organizacija, koje
samo izuzetno (pod spoljnim pritiscima ili podsticajima) uspostavljaju fiziĉke veze
(mreţe) meĊu sobom, dok se na planu kolektivnog identiteta razvija samo kognitivna
dimenzija (formalno prihvatanje odreĊenih ekoloških vrednosti i naĉela koja ĉine
sastavni deo ekološkog diskursa dominantnog na Zapadu). GraĊani, po pravilu, nisu
ukljuĉeni u rad ovih organizacija, izuzev kao korisnici usluga.
U trećem delu rada se razmatraju razlozi usled kojih ne dolazi do razvoja
participativnog i/ili transakcionog ekološkog pokreta (aktivizma). Za potrebe
objašnjenja nastanka specifiĉne hibridne forme ekološkog trećeg sektora, kreiran je
sintetiĉki eksplanatorni model koji kombinuje elemente razvijene u okviru razliĉitih
teorijskih pristupa fenomenu društvenih pokreta. Eksplanatorna shema je formulisana
na sledeći naĉin: za pokretanje kolektivnog delanja i nastanak ekološkog pokreta
neophodno da prethodno budu ispunjeni sledeći uslovi: potrebno je da postoji izvesno
socijalno-konstruisano nezadovoljstvo (problem) kod većeg broja pojedinaca /
profesionalnih zastupniĉkih organizacija (socijalno-konstruktivistiĉka reinterpretacija
klasiĉnih pristupa); zatim, grupa pojedinaca koja oseća dati problem / zalaţe se za
njegovo rešavanje, mora posedovati odreĊene resurse za pokretanje i odrţavanje
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kolektivne akcije (pristup teorije mobilizacije resursa); šire okruţenje treba da bude
relativno povoljno kako bi nagovestilo mogućnost pozitivnog ishoda aktivnosti koja se
ţeli realizovati (pristup strukture politiĉkih mogućnosti), a vrednosni okvir na takav
naĉin podešen da usmerava na delanje predstavnike profesionalnih ekoloških
organizacija i / ili neposredno ugroţenu populaciju (nezadovoljne) i (eventualno) širi
krug podrţavalaca (pristup Novih društvenih pokreta). Na proces formiranja ekološkog
pokreta, kroz ĉetiri neposredna faktora (socijalna-konstrukcija ekoloških rizika,
dostupnost i karakteristike resursa, struktura politiĉkih mogućnosti, vrednosni
sistem),indirektno deluju širi društveni procesi - postsocijalistiĉka transformacija i
evropeizacija srpskog društva, kao i ĉinioci duţeg trajanja ((pred)socijalistiĉko nasleĊe).
Testiranje postavljenih eksplikativnih hipoteza je pokazalo da ni jedan od uslova
neophodnih za formiranje ekološkog pokreta, nije delimiĉno ili u potpunosti zadovoljen.
Postojeći ekološki problemi su dominantno odreĊeni u kategorijama niskog
rizika i male vaţnosti u odnosu na druga društvena pitanja, usled ĉega je i njihov
podsticajni kapacitet za kolektivnu (re)akciju bitno sniţen. Pored toga, vladajuće
shvatanje prema kome u ekološkoj modernizaciji leţi rešenje za gotovo sve ekološke
probleme, pokazuje se kao ĉinilac koji nepovoljno utiĉe na graĊanski aktivizam, jer
upućuje na pasivno išĉekivanje uvoĊenja obećanih mehanizama odrţivog razvoja.
Većini graĊana na raspolaganju stoji vrlo ograniĉena koliĉina resursa, usled
ĉega, u velikom broju sluĉajeva, oni odustaju od uĉešća u ekološkim akcijama.
Ekološke organizacije, takoĊe, imaju poteškoća da obezbede neophodne resurse za rad,
a dodatni problem predstavlja i naĉin njihove mobilizacije, usled kojeg gube
samostalnost postajući zavisne od stranih izvora finansiranja. Kao posledica, ekološko
delanje je atomizovano, a rivalitet i konflikti unutar ekološkog civilnog sektora,
naglašeni; ekološke mreţe se teško formiraju i odrţavaju, kolektivni identitet je slab
(nad njim prevagu odnose partikularni interesi), a kritiĉko delovanje ekoloških
organizacija, nerazvijeno.
Struktura politiĉkih mogućnosti se, uprkos postojanju relativno povoljnog
zakonskog okvira, pokazuje zatvorenom prema uĉešću graĊana u donošenju odluka.
GraĊani percipiraju predstavnike vlasti kao neprijemĉive za njihove potrebe, što se
nepovoljno odraţava na njihovu spremnost da se organizuju i pokušaju da nametnu
svoje zahteve. S druge strane, ekološke organizacije su iskljuĉene iz procesa
odluĉivanja i svedene na ulogu asistenata u podizanju kapaciteta drţave za sprovoĊenje
programa u oblasti zaštite ţivotne sredine. Konfliktno delanje organizacija je
ograniĉeno, s jedne strane, time što ne dobijaju podršku moćnih aktera (meĊunarodne
ekološke organizacije, strani donatori), a sa druge, finansijskim uslovljavanjem od
strane drţavnih struktura.
Karakteristike kulturološkog konteksta se, takoĊe, pokazuju nepovoljnim za
razvoj ekološkog pokreta u Srbiji. Dominacija materijalistiĉkog sistema vrednosti i s
njim povezano visoko vrednovanje ekonomskog razvoja, koje u senci ostavlja ekološke
probleme, negativno utiĉe na ekološko aktiviranje graĊana. Ipak, uprkos preteţno
materijalistiĉkoj vrednosnoj orijentaciji, graĊanima su vrlo bliske vrednosti Nove
ekološke paradigme. MeĊutim, od naĉelnog prihvatanja vrednosti karakteristiĉnih za
ovu paradigmu do aktivnog delanja, u kontekstu materijalne oskudice, put je dug i vrlo
neizvestan.
Zakljuĉno poglavlje je posvećeno rezimiranju i diskusiji empirijskih nalaza, kao
i razmatranju širih implikacija nerazvijenosti ekološkog pokreta na zaštitu ţivotne
sredine u Srbiji.
he environmental movement in Serbia, in the context of post-socialist transformation
and the EU integration process. The paper consists of three major parts and the
concluding chapter.
In the first part a comparative - historical, contextual, conceptual and
methodological framework of the research is developed, as a starting point for the
further analyses. In order to capture all relevant dimensions of the complex
phenomenon of environmental movement and the composite set of factors that influence
its emergence and development, the study is using a combination of different
methodological techniques: a survey of attitudes and practices based on a representative
sample of Serbian citizens (N = 1952) and local government representatives (N = 232),
in parallel with the semi-structured interviews with representatives of non-governmental
organizations (N = 44), and the two case studies of communities with serious
environmental problems – the municipalities of Pancevo and Bor.
The second part... contains the description and analysis of individual elements of
the environmental movement: environmental activists, environmental groups /
organizations, environmental networks, collective identity and environmental conflicts.
Based on a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the key elements of environmental
movement, the concluding chapter of this part of the paper offers an answer to the
question - is there an environmental movement in Serbia? The main research finding is
that participatory type of environmental movement that is typical for the Western
countries has not been formed in Serbia. There are even no indications of the existence
of significant elements of transactional environmental activism (movement), that is
present in the countries of Central Europe. Instead, we are witnessing the development
of a distinct model of collective environmental action that we have named "the third
environmental sector". Different from the participative and transactional activism which
have an emphasized political dimension, the nature of the activities of the third sector
organizations is mostly "non-political", aimed at providing services in those areas that
the state has withdrew from, in the context of neo-liberal reforms. In addition to the
underdeveloped conflict/political dimension, the environmental third sector is
characterized by atomized actions of professional environmental organizations, which
establish physical connections (networks) among themselves only as an exception
(under external pressures or incentives), while at the level of collective identity only the
cognitive dimension is being developed (the formal acceptance of the environmental
values and principles which form an integral part of the environmental discourse
dominant in the West). Citizens, as a rule, are not included in the work of these
organizations, except as users of services.
In the third part, the reasons for the absence of the participatory and / or
transactional environmental movement (activism) are discussed. In order to explain the
emergence of the specific hybrid form of the environmental third sector, a synthetic
explanatory model was established, combining elements developed within different
social movement theories. The explanatory scheme has been formulated as follows: for
the launch of collective action and the emergence of the environmental movement
certain conditions are necessary to be met - a certain level of socially-constructed
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dissatisfaction (problem) needs to be generated in large numbers of individuals /
professional advocacy organizations (social constructivist reinterpretation of classical
approaches); then, a group of individuals who perceive the problem / advocates for its
solution must possess appropriate resources to initiate and sustain a collective action
(the Resource Mobilization Theory approach); the wider context should be relatively
favorable as to suggest the possibility of a positive outcome of the action (the Political
Opportunities Structure approach); the value framework should be set up in such a way
to initiate the action of professional environmental organizations and / or the directly
affected population, and possibly also of a wider circle of supporters (the New Social
Movements approach). Through the four direct factors (social – construction of
environmental risks, the availability and characteristics of resources, the structure of
political opportunities, the value system), the process of development of the
environmental movement is indirectly affected by wider-scale social processes – the
post-socialist transformation and Europeanization of Serbian society, as well as by the
factors of longer duration ((pre-) socialist heritage).The testing of the set of explicative
hypotheses showed that the necessary pre-conditions for the formation of the
environmental movement in Serbia have neither been fully, nor even partially met.
In comparison with other issues, the existing environmental problems are
dominantly defined in the terms of low-risk and low-importance, due to which their
capacities to induce collective (re)action are significantly reduced. In addition, the
prevailing concept of environmental modernization, presented as a solution to almost all
environmental problems, proves to be a factor that adversely affects civic activism, as it
leads to passive anticipation of the promised introduction of mechanisms for sustainable
development.
Since the majority of citizens have access only to very limited resources, they, in
many cases, tend to give up their participation in environmental actions. Environmental
organizations also face difficulties in obtaining necessary resources for their operation.
An additional problem lies in the way resources are being mobilized: becoming
increasingly dependent on foreign funding, organizations tend to lose their autonomy.
As a result, the environmental action is atomized and rivalries and conflicts within the
environmental civil society accentuated; environmental networks are difficult to
establish and maintain and the collective identity is weak (due to domination of
particular interests); the conflictual dimension of environmental organizations remains
undeveloped.
Despite the relatively favorable legal framework, the structure of political
opportunities seems closed to the participation of citizens in the decision-making
process. Citizens perceive government representatives as unresponsive to their needs,
which negatively affects their readiness to act in an organized way and to attempt to
impose their demands. On the other hand, environmental organizations are excluded
from the decision-making process and reduced to the assisting role in the capacity
building of the state bodies for the implementation of programs in the field of
environmental protection. Conflicting action of such organizations is limited, on the one
hand by the lack of support from powerful actors (international environmental
organizations, international donors), and on the other - by the financial preconditions
imposed by the state authorities.
The characteristics of the cultural context also appear to be unfavorable for the
development of the environmental movement in Serbia. The dominance of the
materialistic value system and the related high priority attributed to the economic
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growth, leaves the environmental problems on the margins, thus negatively affecting the
environmental activation of citizens. However, despite the predominantly materialistic
value orientation, the values of the New environmental paradigm are very familiar to the
citizens. Still, in the context of material insecurity, the road from the general acceptance
of such values to active action towards reaching them, is long and very uncertain.
The concluding chapter is devoted to summarizing and discussing the empirical
findings, as well as to considerations of implications of the under-developed
environmental movement to the overall state of environmental protection in Serbia.
Faculty:
Универзитет у Београду, Филозофски факултетDate:
24-03-2015Projects:
Keywords:
ekološki pokret / environmental movement / participativni ekološki aktivizam (pokret) / transakcioni ekološki aktivizam (pokret) / ekološki treći sektor / postsocijalistiĉka transformacija / evropeizacija / Srbija / participatory environmental activism (movement) / transactional environmental activism (movement) / environmental third sector / post-socialist transformation / Europeanization / SerbiaRelated items
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