Motiv ludila kod junaka četiri velike tragedije Vilijama Šekspira - Hamlet, Magbet, Otelo i Kralj Lir

Abstract

Motiv ludila veoma je čest u Šekspirovim tragedijama. Razigrano i šaljivo u komedijama, bolno i smrtonosno u tragedijama, ludilo uvek donosi neki uvid i spoznaju. Nekada je ludilo tretirano kao opsednutost, bolest ili pravedna kazna. U renesansi je posmatrano kroz teoriju o ćudima, uglavnom pripisujući melanholiju obrazovanim mladićima, a histeriju mladim ženama. Uzrok je, pored razočaranja, patnje i sagrešenja, često i ljubav. Zločin se često vezuje za ludilo, bilo kao uzrok ili kao posledica. Ovaj rad bavi se motivom ludila u četiri veliki tragedije Viljema Šekspira: Hamlet, Makbet, Kralj Lir i Otelo. Analizira ludilo glavnih junaka koji su, uglavnom, predisponirani za ludilo, što ekskalira u nepovoljnim okolnostima. Muški likovi obično povrate razum, dok žene obično završe svoj život tragično, nikada se ne oporavivši. Ali, tajne ljudske duše su univerzalne i nisu rodno ograničene, što nam i Šekspir potvrđuje. Ova disertacija pokušaj je da se ovim složenim pitanjima pozabavi multidisciplinarno – pre svega kao književno istraživanje, ali obimno potpomognuto psihologijom i psihoanalizom. Počinje pregledom motiva ludila u starogrčkim dramama, kao i antičkim stavovima o ludilu uopste. Zatim, tu su shvatanja i tumačenja srednjeg veka, renesanse, klasicizma i modernog doba, od religije do nauke. Neki Šekspirovi tragični junaci bili su prave studije slučaja i materijal za dokazivanje teorija u dvadesetom veku. Psihologija i, posebno, psihoanaliza...

The motif of madness is very common in Shakespeare’s plays. Playful and light in comedies, painful and deadly in tragedies, it is always enlightening and strikingly clairvoyant. It used to be treated as possession, disease or legitimate punishment throughout history. In Renaissance, it was observed through the theory of humours, mainly ascribing melancholy to young, educated men and hysteria to young ladies or widows. Love is often the cause, besides disappointment, suffering and sin. Crime is also associated with it, be it as cause or consequence, as something that drives the perpetrator into madness or as the outcome of perturbed mind. This paper deals with characters from the four great tragedies: Hamlet, Macbeth, King Lear and Othello. They all have a certain predisposition to madness, exacerbated by the adverse circumstances. Male characters usually regain sanity, having gone through painful recognition and self-examination. Female characters, once insane, never recover, so their common end is death – suicide. But the secrets of human soul are universal and not gender-limited, that is what Shakespeare reveals to us and that is what makes him timeless. Some Shakespearean characters have been case studies and material for proving theories in the twentieth century. Psychology and, especially psychoanalysis, on the other hand, can help Shakespeare scholars with a holostic approach, in a comprehensive analysis and deconstruction of many aspects and aparts that the bard built, seemingly at random, but probably very meticulously...