Optimizacija mehanizovanog procesa ubiranja kamilice (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

Abstract

Intenzivna proizvodnja kamilice (Matricaria chamomilla L.) podrazumeva proizvodnju gde se svi tehnološki postupci gajenja i prerade mogu obaviti sredstvima mehanizacije poljoprivrede na optimalan nacin i uz racionalan utrošak energije. Tema istraživanja u ovoj doktorskoj disertaciji je mehanizovan postupak ubiranja kamilice. Zahtevu za mehanizovanim postupkom ubiranja kamilice odgovorili su mnogi domaci i svetski proizvoaci poljoprivrednih mašina, koji su proizveli veci broj konstrukcija i tipova mašina koje se meusobno razlikuju, kako po tehnickim, konstruktivnim karakteristikama, tako i po kvalitetu rada i ostvarenim ucincima. Takva pojava je ovo istraživanje usmerila ka svestranom proucavanju odabrene teme sa ciljem izbora odgovarajuce mašine koja ce najbolje odgovarati uslovima rada na parcelama pod kamilicom. U tehnologiji proizvodnje kamilice proces ubiranja cvasti kamilice je tehnicko-tehnološki najzahtevniji i ima veliki uticaj kako na kvalitet dobijene droge, tako i na dobit ostvaren proizvodnjom. U ovoj disetaciji su ispitivana tri konstrukcijski i koncepcijski razlicita tipa kombajna za ubiranje kamilice. Praceni su tehnicki, tehnološki, biološki, meteorološki i eksploatacioni pokazatelji koji uticu na ocenu efikasnosti rada ispitivanih kombajna. Kao osnovne parametre treba izdvojiti režim rada, kvalitet i gubitke ostvarene tokom ubiranja, energetsku i ekonomsku opravdanost korišcenja pojedinih kombajna. U radu su primenjene tri metode optimizacije najuticajnijih parametara rada kombajna, kako bi se ustanovio optimalan kombajn i režim rada u odreenim agroekološkim uslovima, prema zadatim kriterijumima ocenjivanja. Tehnološka proizvodnost (ucinak) kombajna za ubiranje kamilice zavisi iskljucivo od radnog zahvata i brzine kretanja kombajna. Najveci prosecan ucinak postigao je kombajn A od 0,65 ha/h, pa kombajn B sa 0,57 ha/h i kombajn C sa 0,56 ha/h. Najmanju potrošnju goriva po jedinici površine su ostvarili kombajni u režimu rada V3, gde je najekonomicniji bio kombajn B sa potrošenih 23,86 l/ha, pa kombajn C sa 33,51 l/ha i kombajn A sa potrošnjom od 45,78 l/ha. Može se konstatovati da viši režim rada (veca brzina kretanja i broj obrtaja berackog ureaja) donosi i vece ukupne gubitke. Najvece prosecne ukupne gubitke ostvaruje kombajn A (39,77%) dok se kod kombajna B i C oni krecu oko 20%. Sva tri ispitivana kombajna, u sva tri režima rada, ostvaruju približan kvalitet ubiranja cvasti kamilice, narocito kada se posmatraju njihove prosecne vrednosti, kao i zbirno I i II kategorije kvaliteta (kombajn A: 68,5- 92,1%; kombajn B: 69,9-90,7%; kombajn C: 62,2-86,1%)...

Intensive production of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) is the kind of production in which all technological processes of growing and processing chamomile can be carried out by mechanized agricultural resources in an optimal way and with a rational energy consumption. Topic of research in this doctoral dissertation is mechanized process of harvesting chamomile. Many domestic and international manufacturers of agricultural machinery have responded to the request for mechanized harvesting procedure chamomile and produced a number of constructions and types of machines, which differ in both the technical, structural characteristics, and quality of work and its effects. Such a phenomenon has directed this research towards a comprehensive study of the chosen topics, with the objective to recommend adequate machine that will best suit the work conditions on the chamomile fields. Harvesting chamomile blossom is technically and technologically the most demanding process in the chamomile production technology and has a great influence on both the quality of drugs received, and the income generated in production. In this dissertation, three structurally and conceptually distinct types of chamomile harvester were tested. We assessed the technical, biological, meteorological, and operating parameters that affect evaluating the efficiency of the examined harvesters. Working mode, quality and losses realized during the harvesting, as well as energetic and economic feasibility of using certain harvesters, should be emphasized as the basic parameters. Three optimization methods were used for optimizing the most influential parameters of combine work, in order to determine the optimal combine and the working under the specific ecological conditions, according to the specified evaluation criteria. Technological productivity (efficiency) of chamomile harvester depends only on the working width and speed of the combine. The highest average efficiency of 0.65 ha / h was achieved by harvester A, then harvester B with average 0.57 ha / h and finally harvester C with average 0.56 ha / h. The lowest fuel consumption per unit area achieved harvesters working in V3 mode, where the harvester B was the most economical and consumed 23.86 l / ha, followed by the harvester C with 33.51 l / ha and the harvester A with 45.78 l / ha. It can be concluded that the “higher” mode (with higher travel speed and speed of turning - rpm) brings greater total losses. Harvester A realized the highest average total losses (39.77%) while with combine B and C they were about 20%. All three harvesters, in all three working modes, achieve the approximately equal quality of harvested chamomile blossom, especially when considering their average values, as well as the sum of I and II category (A harvester: 68.5 to 92.1%; harvester B: 69.9 to 90.7%; harvester C: 62.2 to 86.1%)...