Primena etike secesije u proceni opravdanosti zahteva za otcepljenjem u Istočnoj i Jugoistočnoj Evropi

Abstract

Filozofi koji se pozivaju na tradiciju liberalne političke misli pružili su značajan doprinos studijama normativne etike razmatrajući opravdanost kolektivne težnje ka teritorijalnom osamostaljenju. Ipak, ostali su nedorečeni po pitanju načina na koji otcepljenje treba sprovesti kako bi i sâm postupak stvaranja nove države bio legitiman. Prvi naučni cilj disertacije stoga nalaže oslanjanje na temeljno promišljenu normativnu etiku secesije radi razvoja nedovoljno razrađene primenjene etike sticanja nezavisnosti, s namerom formulisanja ‘upotpunjene liberalne etike secesije’; etičkog okvira pomoću kog se separatističke tendencije mogu vrednovati kako na osnovu njihove moralne valjanosti, tako i na osnovu mogućnosti/pravednosti njihove realizacije. Drugi naučni cilj stremi primeni tog okvira pri evaluaciji secesionističkih zahteva i aktivnosti na prostoru Istočne i Jugoistočne Evrope, ali i pri koncipiranju rešenja za konkretne teritorijalne sporove sa datog geopolitičkog prostora. U tom smislu, predlažu se: a) primenjivi postupci odvajanja od centralnih vlasti u slučajevima gde su zahtevi za otcepljenjem valjani i b) upotrebljivi modeli autonomnog vršenja vlasti ili podele suvereniteta nad teritorijama na kojima težnja ka secesiji nije opravdana/ostvariva. Primenom metode uspostavljanja refleksivne ravnoteže dolazi se do zaključka da višefazni postupak delegiranja političkih ovlašćenja (poput devolucije u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, gde je dozvoljen i plebiscit o otcepljenju Škotske), u kombinaciji sa kaskadnim referendumima i srodnim procedurama (nalik onima korišćenim pri odvajanju švajcarskog kantona Jura od kantona Bern), predstavlja najpoželjniji vid internog uvećavanja autonomije, ali i moralno najopravdaniji način sticanja nezavisnosti, kako u teoriji, tako i u praksi.

Philosophers that adhere to the tradition of liberal political thought have made significant contributions to the field of normative ethics as part of their efforts to understand whether groups have the right to strive towards independence. Yet, not much has been said about how secession should be carried out if the actual act of breaking away from a central government is to be perceived as a morally valid process. This is why the first goal of the thesis is to develop a proposal for applied secession ethics by basing it on well-developed literature on normative secession ethics, with the aim of outlining ‘complemented liberal ethics of secession’; an ethical framework which would lay the groundwork for evaluating secession claims not only on the basis of how just they are per se, but also on the morality of means through which independence is (or can be) achieved. The second aim of the thesis is to implement the derived at proposal of secession ethics in evaluating active secessionist tendencies and activities in Eastern and Southeast Europe, but also in conceiving solutions for specific territorial disputes of this geopolitical region. The thesis thus proposes: a) applicable ways in which partition may be carried out in cases where claims to independence are morally justifiable and b) applicable models of autonomous governance or joint sovereignty in cases where secession is morally impermissible or unachievable. By applying the reflective equilibrium method, this thesis concludes that a multi-phased procedure (resembling that of United Kingdom’s process of devolution, which allowed for the Scottish independence plebiscite to take place) – in combination with a cascade-referendum system (like the one implemented during the separation of Swiss Canton of Jura from Canton of Bern) – represents the most justified approach to the act of both internal and external self-determination, in both theory and practice.