Od rase do mase: uticaj političke i ekonomske transformacije austrougarskog društva na promenu socijalne teorije Ludviga Gumplovica

Abstract

Ovaj rad za svoj predmet ima teoriju Ludviga Gumplovica, sociologa koji je stvarao tokom formativnog perioda nauke o društvu, a koji je danas gotovo u potpunosti zaboravljen. Razlog zaborava se krije u percepciji ovog sociologa kao rasiste, militariste i socijaldarviniste unutar naučne zajednice. Delo sa kojim se prevashodno vezuje njegovo ime, Borba rasa, jeste doprinelo da se danas Gumplovic svrstava u istu grupu autora koju čine Artur de Gobino, Hjuston Čemberlen i Vašer de Lapuž. Činjenice su da se njegova teorija o društvu vremenom menjala i da je retko ko zapravo čitao Gumplovica. Osnovna teza rada jeste da se misao o društvu poljsko–austrijskog sociologa ne može razumeti bez poznavanja istorije Austrougarske ili tačnije zapadnog dela carstva u poslednjim decenijama XIX i početkom XX veka. Takođe, nastoji se pokazati da je pomeranje osnove konceptualnog aparata sa pojma rase preko heterogenih društvenih grupa do koncepta mase nastalo pod uticajem ekonomskih i političkih promena kroz koje je prolazilo austrougarsko društvo u pomenutom periodu. Tokom rada, u cilju ostvarenja opisanog osnovnog zadatka, predstaviće se Gumploviceva teorija i na taj način ostvariti osnovni uslov u donošenju suda da li je pomenuti tretman ovog autora u glavnim sociološkim tokovima opravdan ili ne. Tekst je organizovan u tri velike celine naslovljene Teorija, Kontekst i Teorija i kontekst. Prva celina se bavi prikazom teorije Ludviga Gumplovica, druga je posvećena oslikavanju najvažnijih mesta austrougarske istorije u poslednjim decenijama postojanja carstva, dok Teorija i kontekst predstavlja svojevrsnu sintezu zapažanja iznetih u dve prethodne celine. Naročita pažnja je posvećena postepenoj demokratizaciji političkog sistema zapadne polovine carstva, gde 1907. godine stupa na snagu izborni zakon kojim se predviđa opšte pravo glasa za sve punoletne muškarce. U ovom zakonu je prepoznat glavni uticaj koji je doprineo pojavi mase u Gumplovicevom teorijskom sistemu.

This PhD thesis has Ludwig Gumplowicz’s theory for its subject, a work of a sociologist who labored during the formative period of sociology and who is also almost completely forgotten today. The reason for mentioned oblivion lays in the perception of this sociologist as a racist, militarist and social Darwinist that is widespread among the scientific community. First association for the work of mentioned sociologist, if one is made today, is his book titled The Struggle of Races, and because of this Gumplowicz is viewed as a part of group that is composed of such authors like Arthur de Gobineau, Huston Stewart Chamberlain and Vacher de Lapouge. The facts are that his social theory changed over time and that there is hardly anyone who really read Gumplowicz. Basic thesis of this paper is that social theory of Polish–Austrian sociologist cannot be understood without the knowledge of Austro–Hungarian history, or more precisely, history of the western part of the Empire in the last decades of the 19th and the start of the 20th century. Also, this paper tries to show that the shift of the conceptual apparatus from the notion of race via heterogeneous social groups to the concept of mass is due to the economic and political changes at work in the Austro–Hungarian society during the mentioned period. Throughout the paper, in order to achieve described basic task, Gumplowicz’s theory will be presented and, in that way, rudimentary condition for making a judgement concerning justiciability of treatment of this author within contemporary sociological main stream will be met. The paper consists of three main wholes titled Theory, Context and Theory and Context. First part is concerned with the presentation of Ludwig Gumplowicz’s theory, the second one draws a sketch in broad stokes of the most important points of Austro–Hungarian history during the last decades of the Empire, while Theory and Context is a synthesis of some sorts of observations made in two previous wholes. Close attention is given to the gradual democratization of political system in the western half of the Empire, where in 1907 an electoral law is introduced which provided universal male suffrage. This law is identified as a main cause of introduction of mass in Gumpowicz’s theoretical system.