Uticaj arhitektonsko-urbanističkih elemenata na doživljaj i formiranje slike javnih prostora

Abstract

Savremene urbane sredine se menjaju pod uticajem socioloških, ekonomskih, političkih, ekoloških, estetskih, tehnoloških i kulturoloških sila, koje oblikuju građenu sredinu prema zahtevima i potrebama korisnika. Veze između različitih činilaca građene sredine, posredstvom urbanog dizajna i načina doživljaja i sagledavanja prostora, u zavisnosti od strukture i aktivnosti korisnika, formiraju određene predstave o prostoru, daju im identitet i značaj, stvarajući sveukupnu sliku nekog mesta. Istraživanjem se proveravala veza između arhitektonskourbanističkih karakteristika javnog prostora i njihovog opažanja od strane korisnika, te utvrdili uticaji koje prethodno definisani parametri imaju na doživljaj i formiranje slike nekog mesta. Analiza karakteristika, funkcija i značaja javnih prostora, različitosti pojavnih oblika mesta, koja su od značaja za društveni život i promociju naselja predstavljaju polaznu tačku za dalje definisanje njihovih činilaca. Funkcionalne karakteristike koje ih definišu, karakteristike i strukture korisnika koje ih posećuju i dr. bili su polazište istraživanja. Strukturni elementi koji formiraju javne prostore jedni su od glavnih uticajnih faktora na način doživljaja i formiranje slike nekog ambijenta. Istraživanje se bavi vezom ovih elemenata sa karakterom i kvalitetom javnih prostora i efektima koje imaju na opažanje i krajnji doživljaj istih. Ispitivanjem arhitektonsko-urbanističkih elemenata i njihovih karakteristika, utvrdio se njihov značaj u formiranju kvalitetnih javnih prostora i načina na koji im korisnici pristupaju. Do krajnjeg doživljaja javnog prostora i slike koja se formira u svesti korisnika dolazi se putem procesa opažanja. Iz tog razloga disertacija se, u jednom delu, bavi načinom opažanja javnih prostora (njegovih elemenata i karakteristika) od strane različitih korisnika i mnogobrojnim čulnim doživljajima, zapažanjima i razumevanjima aktivnosti na njima, koji učestvuju u ciklusu percepcije. Istraživanje se sastoji iz dve glavne celine od kojih je prva teorijska i sistematizovala je stavove o temama značajnim za definisanje potrebnih parametara za empirijski deo istraživanja, kao što su karakter i značaj javnog prostora, definisanje arhitektonsko-urbanističkih elemenata i njihovih karakteristika, proces opažanja i način doživljaja javnih prostora i dr. U okviru drugog dela, urađena je analiza i valorizacija postojećeg stanja prostornog okvira istraživanja i provedena je anketa putem koje su sakupljeni stavovi korisnika o ispitivanim prostorima. Preklapanjem dve metode praktičnog istraživanja, proverili su se stavovi i potvrdili doneti zaključci. Praktični deo istraživanja sproveden je ispitivanjem javnih prostora pešačke zone Novog Sada. Ulice i trgovi ovog područja analizirani su i valorizovani na osnovu kriterijuma izdvojenih u teorijskom delu istraživanja. Rezultati su dali uvid u stanje kvaliteta i uključenost arhitektonsko-urbanističkih elemenata u oblikovanje ovih javnih prostora. Za isti prostorni okvir konstruisan je upitnik kojim ispitanici iznose stavove o značaju prostornih komponenti za javni prostor, ocenjuju značaj njihovih karakteristika na doživljaj prostora, definišu najposećenije javne prostore Novog Sada, čime je dobijen značajan uvid u stvarni karakter doživljaja pešačke zone. Preklapanje svih rezultata i zaključaka ukazalo je na nedostatke i potencijale ovih prostora, ali i na generalne uticaje koje arhitektonsko-urbanistički elementi imaju na karakter javnog prostora, čime se stvorila mogućnost za formiranjem smernica za uspešne transformacije postojećih i planiranje novih javnih prostora.Shvatanje uticaja pod kojima nastaje kolektivni doživljaj i slike javnih prostora važno je za utvrđivanje karakteristika javnih prostora koje na te impresije utiču, kako bi se adekvatno birali i oblikovali arhitektonsko-urbanistički činioci kojima upravljaju arhitekte, urbanisti, dizajneri i planeri. Značaj definisanja načina putem kojih je moguće uticati na doživljaj i sliku javnog prostora fundamentalan je za očuvanje kvaliteta postojećih mesta; formiranje novih mesta koja su bitna za korisnike i mapiranje javnih prostora naselja neophodnih za formiranje prepoznatljivog i atraktivnog šireg okruženja.

Contemporary urban environments are changing under the influence of sociological, economic, political, ecological, aesthetic, technological and cultural forces, which shape the built environment according to the demands and needs of users. Connections between different factors of the built environment, through urban design and ways of experiencing and perceiving space, depending on the structure and activities of users, form certain representations of space, give them identity and significance, creating an overall image of a place. The research verified the connection between the architecturalurbanistic characteristics of public space and their perception by the users, and determined the influence that previously defined parameters have on the experience and image formation of a place. The analysis of the characteristics, functions and importance of public spaces, the diversity of appearance of places, which are important for social life and the promotion of settlements, represent the starting point for further defining their factors. Functional characteristics that define them, characteristics and structures of users who visit them, etc. were the starting point of the research. The structural elements that form public spaces are one of the main influential factors in the way of experiencing and forming the image of an environment. The research deals with the connection of these elements with the character and quality of public spaces and the effects they have on the perception and ultimate experience of them. By examining the architectural and urban planning elements and their characteristics, their importance in the formation of highquality public spaces and the way users access them was determined. The ultimate experience of public space and the image that is formed in the user's mind is reached through the process of perception. For this reason, the dissertation, in one part, deals with the way of perception of public spaces (its elements and characteristics) by different users and numerous sensory experiences, observations and understanding of activities on them, which participate in the cycle of perception. The research consists of two main units, the first of which is theoretical and systematized views on topics important for defining the necessary parameters for the empirical part of the research, such as the character and importance of public space, defining architectural-urbanistic elements and their characteristics, the process of perception and the way experiencing public spaces, etc. In the second part, an analysis and valorization of the existing state of the spatial framework of the research was carried out and a survey was conducted, through which users' opinions about the examined spaces were collected. By overlapping two methods of practical research, attitudes were checked and the conclusions reached were confirmed. The practical part of the research was conducted by examining the public spaces of the pedestrian zone of Novi Sad. The streets and squares of this area were analyzed and valued based on the criteria identified in the theoretical part of the research. The results provided an insight into the state of quality and the inclusion of architectural and urban planning elements in the design of these public spaces. For the same spatial framework, a questionnaire was constructed in which respondents express their views on the importance of spatial components for public space, evaluate the importance of their characteristics on the experience of the space, define the most frequented public spaces of Novi Sad, thus gaining significant insight into the real character of the experience of the pedestrian zone. The overlap of all results and conclusions pointed to the shortcomings and potential of these spaces, but also to the general impact that architectural-urbanistic elements have on the character of public space, which created the possibility to form guidelines for successful transformations of existing and planning of new public spaces. Understanding the influences under which the collective experience and images of public spaces are created is important for determining the characteristics of public spaces that influence those impressions, in order to adequately choose and shape the architectural-urban factors managed by architects, urban planners, designers and planners. The importance of defining the ways in which it is possible to influence the experience and image of public space is fundamental for preserving the quality of existing places; the formation of new places that are important for users and the mapping of public areas of the settlement necessary for the formation of a recognizable and attractive wider environment.