Učestalost i tipovi mutacija u genima BRCA u porodicama sa pozitivnom istorijom za karcinom dojke i/ili jajnika u Srbiji
Frequency and types of mutations in BRCA genes in families with positive history of breast/ovarian cancer in Serbia
Author
Dobričić, Jelena D.Mentor
Stamenković-Radak, Marina
Committee members
Branković-Magić, Mirjana
Radulović, Siniša

Metadata
Show full item recordAbstract
Uvod: Proteinski produkti gena BRCA1 i BRCA2 uključeni su u važne ćelijske
procese, kao što su kontrola ćelijskog ciklusa i popravka oštećenja DNK. Mutacije u
jednom od ovih gena predstavljaju korak bliže gubitku kontrole nad genomskom
stabilnošću i ćelijskom deobom, pa osobe koje naslede mutacije u ovim genima češće
oboljevaju od karcinoma dojke i/ili jajnika. Geni BRCA su veliki, mutacije su raspoređene
duž celih gena bez grupisanja, što dodatno otežava njihovu detekciju. Spektar mutacija u
genima BRCA različit je u različitim etničkim grupama. U nekim populacijama sa visokom
učestalošću zastupljene su mutacije koje su u drugim populacijama retke. U isto vreme,
veliki deo mutacija u genima BRCA detektovane su samo jednom, pa se može reći da
većina porodica pod rizikom ima svoju sopstvenu porodičnu mutaciju. Mutacija 5382insC
u 20. egzonu gena BRCA1 karakteristična je za slovenske populacije i njena učestalost
opada od istoka ka zapadu Evrope. Oko 6-7% svih karcinoma dojke i oko 10% s...vih
karcinoma jajnika je nasledno, povezano sa mutacijama germinativnih ćelija u genima
BRCA1 i BRCA2. Nosioci mutacija u genima BRCA nose 5 do 8 puta veći životni rizik za
oboljevanje od karcinoma dojke i 10 do 20 puta veći životni rizik za karcinom jajnika.
Cilj istraživanja je bio da se otkriju najučestalije mutacije u genima BRCA1/2 u
našoj populaciji i utvrdi koje se od njih mogu smatrati osnivačkim mutacijama, kako bi se
ubrzalo, pojednostavilo i pojeftinilo BRCA testiranje. Da bi se ovaj cilj ostvario, bilo je
neophodno utvrditi tipove i učestalosti mutacija u genima BRCA1 i BRCA2 kod osoba sa
pozitivnom porodičnom istorijom za karcinom dojke i/ili jajnika u Srbiji. Osim toga, u
sistematskom uzorku karcinoma dojke bilo je potrebno utvrditi učestalost mutacije
5382insC u genu BRCA1 kao potencijalne osnivačke mutacije u našoj populaciji. U
ispitivanoj grupi osoba koje su testirane na prisustvo mutacija u genima BRCA1/2
procenjivana je i efikasnost predviđanja BRCAPRO programa.
Materijal i metode: Analizirano je 85 uzoraka periferne krvi osoba sa povećanim
rizikom za karcinom dojke i/ili jajnika koje potiču iz 69 porodica. Takođe, analiziran je i
sistematski uzorak karcinoma dojke koji se sastoji od 257 uzoraka krvi obolelih. Prisustvo
mutacija u genima BRCA analizirano je automatskim sekvenciranjem, dok je prisustvo
mutacije 5382insC u genu BRCA1 u sistematskom uzorku određivano PCR-om
specifičnim za alel. Za statističku obradu podataka korišćeni su testovi neparametrijske
statistike: χ2 test i Fišerov test.
Rezultati: Učestalost oštećujućih mutacija u uzorku porodica sa naslednim
karcinomom dojke i/ili jajnika iznosi 10,59% (9/85). Sve detektovane oštećujuće mutacije
su po tipu frameshift mutacije. Detektovane su i 3 nove porodično-specifične mutacije (1 u
genu BRCA1 i 2 u genu BRCA2). Učestalost mutacije 5382insC u genu BRCA1 u
sistematskom uzorku karcinoma dojke je 0,39% (1/257). Podizanjem granice BRCAPRO
verovatnoće na 40% moguće je uočiti razliku između benignih polimorfizama i oštećujućih
mutacija. Nije bilo moguće subgrupisanje neklasifikovanih varijanti na osnovu vrednosti
BRCAPRO verovatnoće. BRCAPRO verovatnoća, sem sa srodnicima prvog i drugog
stepena srodstva, koreliše i sa brojem obolelih srodnika u široj porodici. U odnosu na
anatomsku lokalizaciju, BRCAPRO verovatnoća koreliše sa brojem srodnika obolelih od
karcinoma dojke, ali ne i od karcinoma jajnika.
Zaključak: Učestalost mutacija u genima BRCA1/2 kod ispitanika pod rizikom za
nastanak naslednog karcinoma dojke i/ili jajnika u Srbiji slična je učestalostima dobijenim
u drugim populacijama. Osim već poznatih mutacija u genima BRCA1/2 pokazane su i
nove porodično-specifične mutacije. Nisu detektovane mutacije koje bi se mogle
okarakterisati kao osnivačke mutacije za našu populaciju. BRCAPRO program se pokazao
kao koristan pri odabiru osoba za BRCA testiranje, ali pri odabiru kandidata za testiranje,
usled nedostataka BRCAPRO programa, treba analizirati i rodoslov. Podizanje granice
BRCAPRO verovatnoće prilikom odabira ispitanika za BRCA testiranje sa 10% na 40%
moglo bi da poveća efikasnost BRCA testiranja.
Background: Protein products of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are included in
important cellular processes, such as cell cycle control and DNA repair. Mutations in one of
these genes is a step thowards losing control over genomic stability and cell division, and
individuals who inherit mutations in these genes develop breast and/or ovarian cancer more
frequently. BRCA genes are large, mutations are scattered throughout whole genes without
clustering, which makes mutation detection even more difficult. The spectrum of BRCA
mutations is different for each ethnic group. Mutations that are highly frequent in some
populations are rare in other populations. At the same time, large proportion of BRCA
mutations have been detected only once, and it can be said that majority of families under
risk have their own family mutation. Mutation 5382insC in BRCA1 exon 20 is
characteristic for Slavic populations and its frequency decreases from east to west of
Europe. About 6-7% of all breast cancer cases and ab...out 10% of all ovarian cancer cases
are hereditary, associated to germ line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. BRCA
mutation carriers have 5 to 8 times higher lifetime risk for breast cancer and 10 to 20 times
higher lifetime risk for ovarian cancer.
Aim of this study was to identify the most frequent BRCA1/2 mutations in our
population and to find out which of them may be regarded as founder mutations, in order to
make BRCA testing faster, easier and less expensive. In order to achieve this goal, it was
necessary to identify types and frequencies of BRCA1/2 mutations in individuals with
positive family history of breast and/or ovarian cancer in Serbia. In addition, it was
necessary to identify the frequency of BRCA1 mutation 5382insC in breast cancer
consecutive sample, as possible founder mutation in our population. In analysed group of
individuals tested for the presence of BRCA1/2 mutations the efficiency of BRCAPRO
software prediction was assessed.
Material and methods: Eighty five peripheral blood samples from high risk
individuals for breast and/or ovarian cancer from 69 families was analyzed. In addition,
consecutive sample that included 257 blood samples from breast cancer patients was
analyzed. The presence of BRCA gene mutations was analyzed by automatic sequencing,
while the presence of 5382insC mutation in BRCA1 gene was determined by alel-specific
PCR. For statistic analyses, non-parametric tests were used: χ2 test and Fisher test.
Results: The frequency of deleterious mutations in sample of families with
hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer is 10.59% (9/85). All detected deleterious mutations
are frameshift mutations. Three novel family-specific mutations have been detected (one in
BRCA1 and two in BRCA2 gene). The frequency of BRCA1 mutation 5382insC in breast
cancer consecutive sample is 0.39% (1/257). By raising the treshold of BRCAPRO
probability to 40% it is possible to observe the difference between benign polymorphisms
and deleterious mutations. Subgrouping of unclassified variants according to the value of
BRCAPRO probability was not possible. BRCAPRO probability, in addition to the first
and second degree relatives, correlates also with the number of more distant relatives who
developed cancer. In relation to anatomic localisation, BRCAPRO probability correlates
with the number of relatives who developed breast cancer, but not with the number of those
who developed ovarian cancer.
Conclusion: The frequency of BRCA1/2 mutations in probands under rsk for
hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer in Serbia is similar to those determined in other
populations. In addition to already known BRCA1/2 mutations, new family-specific
mutations have been detected. Mutation that could be qualified as founder mutations for our
population have not been detected. BRCAPRO software has been shown to be useful in
selection of probands for BRCA testing, but in this selection, due to BRCAPRO
limitations, the pedigree should be analysed too. Raising the treshold for BRCAPRO
probability in proband selection for BRCA testing from 10% to 40% could raise the
efficiency of BRCA testing.