Pravni i ekonomski aspekti reorganizacije u stečaju

Abstract

Postoje objektivni razlozi da se veruje da živimo u ključnom periodu kriza i turbulentnih promena, te su teškoće u poslovanju privrednog društva redovna pojava. Najčešći problemi sa kojima se privredna društva suočavaju su nemogućnost plaćanja ili izvršavanja obaveza prema trećim licima tj. svojim poveriocima. Kada privredni subjekt nije u mogućnosti da izmiri svoje obaveze, poverioci i treća lica ne mogu redovnim putem da naplate svoja potraživanja i tada dolazi do stečaja. Mnogo je definicija stečaja, jedna od njih govori da je to stanje proglašeno od strane suda u kome se, s jedne strane nalazi dužnik, koji ne izvršava plaćanje prema poveriocima ili mu je imovina nedovoljna da se iz nje namire potraživanja svih poverilaca, a sa druge strane, poverioci čija su potraživanja ugrožena obustavom plaćanja ili prezaduženošću njihovog zajedničkog dužnika. Danas, privredni subjekat, u skladu sa odredbama kompanijskog zakona, za sve svoje obaveze odgovara svojom imovinom, tako da u situaciji kada postane nesposoban za plaćanje ima uglavnom dve alternative, bankrotstvo ili eventualno, mogućnost reorganizacije ako njegovi poverioci procene da je to celishodnije. Cilj stečaja je da se pod uticajem ekonomskih zakona tržišta uklanjaju iz privrednog života oni privredni subjekti koji svojim poslovanjem ne postižu ni minimum rentabilnosti i koji su nesposobni za normalan rad i poslovanje. Stečajni postupak se može pokrenuti samo kada su ispunjeni uslovi propisani zakonom, materijalno-pravni i formalno-pravni. Međutim, ukoliko se utvrdi da je imovina toliko umanjena da dugovi prelaze ukupnu vrednost imovine, onda se pribegava stečaju kao jedinoj mogućoj opciji. Reorganizacija stečajnog dužnika je noviji institut našeg stečajnog prava, transformacije dužnika i to pravnoorganizacione, upravljačke i finansijske. Institut reorganizacije zasniva se na ugovoru dužnika sa poveriocima, pružajući mu priliku da se ekonomski oporavi i izbegne bankrotstvo tj. brisanje iz registra pravnih lica, a omogućava povoljnije namirenje potraživanja.

There are objective reasons to believe that we live in a crucial period of time of crises and turbulent changes such that problems in company's business activities occur regularly. Specifically, the most common problems companies encounter include insolvency or inability to pay debts to third parties that is, to their creditors. When a company fails to fulfill its liabilities, its creditors and third parties cannot collect the receivables in a regular process and this is where the company goes bunkrupt. There are many definitions of bunkruptcy and one of them defines it as a status declared by the court, with a debtor unable to pay debts to the creditor from its own resources on the one hand, and creditors whose claims are compromised by the suspension of payments or overdebtness of their common debtor on the other hand. Today, a company shall be, in compliance with the corporal law, liable for any of its obligations to the full extent of its assets thus usually having two possibilities in case of insolvency that is, to go bunkrupt or to restructure if its creditors consider it more appropriate. Bunkruptcy is aimed to remove from economy those business entities which are unable to achieve at least a minimum solvency and maintain regular operation and business under the conditions of the laws of market. A bunkruptcy process can begin only when both the substantive and procedural requirements set by the law are met. However, in case the value of assests is decreased to an extent that debts exceed a total value of assets, then bunkruptcy is exercised as the only possible option. Planning for bunkruptcy as a new legal institution ecompasses the structure of a debtor-in-possession; it exceeds enforced settlement agreements. Restructuring of the debtor-in-possession is also a new institution in our bunkruptcy law, legal organisational, managerial and financial transformations of the debtor. Restructuring as an instituion is based on an agreement between the debtor and the creditors, which offers an opportunity for the debtor to recover economically and avoid bunkruptcy that is, deletion from the business registers agency and also for more suitable debt settlement.