Taksonomija i distribucija tribusa Paragini Goffe, 1952 (Diptera: Syrphidae)

Abstract

Rod Paragus je široko rasprostranjen, nalazi se na svim kontinentima izuzev Antarktika i Južne Amerike. Pripada potfamiliji Syrphinae i jedini je predstavnik tribusa Paragini. Rod se deli na četiri podroda: Afroparagus, Serratoparagus, Paragus i Pandasyopthalmus. Adulti se prepoznaju po žutom licu, razvijenom tergitu 1, kao i nesegmentisanom edeagusu genitalnog aparata, dok njihove larve se hrane afidama. Cilj ove teze je bio da se odredi tačan broj validnih vrsta ovog roda rešavanjem taksonomskih i nomenklaturnih problema, kao i analiza distribucije vrsta. Kao rezultat ove teze utvrđeno je da je autor tribusa Paragini je Glumac, koji je prvi definisao tribus, a ne Goffe kako se do sada smatralo, takođe i postojanje 98 validnih vrsta roda Paragus: dve iz podroda Afroparagus, devet vrsta i jedna podvrsta Serratoparagus, 51 vrsta podroda Paragus i 36 vrsta podroda Pandasyopthalmus. Taksonomski status vrste P. ambalaensis i P. hokusankoensis je ostao nerazjašnjen usled nemogućnosti provere tipskog materijala. Za devet vrsta je ustanovljeno da su mlađi sinonimi: Paragus cooksoni syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. basilewskyi), P. hanzhongensis syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. clausseni), P. hyalopteri syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. xinyuanensis), P. jiuchiensis syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. clausseni), P. manensis syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. basilewskyi), P. mongolicus syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. tribuliparamerus), P. nigrocoerulea syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. haemorrhous), P. sinicus syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. fasciatus), P. tibialis var. nasutus syn. nov. (sinonim vrste P. haemorrhous). Jako značajan rezultat ove disertacije je ključ za identifikaciju vrsta roda Paragus. Geometrijskomorfometrijskom analizom oblika krila i surstila potvrđen je postojanje četiri validne vrste unutar Paragus bicolor kompleksa: P. bicolor i P. testaceus, P. aff. bicolor i P. aff. testaceus. Otkrivene su dve nove vrste za nauku unutar P. bicolor kompleksa: P. aff. bicolor i P. aff. testaceus. Dobijeni su novi podaci o rasprostranjenju roda. Za osam vrsta je ustanovljeno da predstavljaju prvi nalaz za određenu državu. Afrotropski region se odlikuje najvećim diverzitetom podroda Pandasyopthalmus (n=17), dok najveći diverzitet roda Paragus (n=43) je zabeleženo u Palearktiku. Posle Afrotropskog regiona, u Orijentalnom regionu je zabeleženo najveći broj vrsta podroda Pandasyopthalmus (n=11). Sa devet vrsta u Nearktiku i tri vrste u Australaziji, Nearktik i Australazija predstavljaju regione sa najmanjim brojem zabeleženih vrsta roda Paragus.

Genus Paragus is widely distributed. It can found on all continents except Antarctica and South America. It belongs to the subfamily Syrphinae, and is the sole genus of the Paragini tribe. Paragus is divided into four subgenera: Afroparagus, Serratoparagus, Paragus and Pandasyopthalmus. Adults can recognize by their yellow face, developed tergite 1, as well as unsegmented edeagus of the genitalia, while their larvae are aphid predators. The main aim of this doctoral dissertation was to determine the exact number of valid species of this genus by solving taxonomic and nomenclature problems, as well as to analyze the distribution of these species. As a result of this thesis, it was established that the author of the tribe Paragini should be Glumac, who defined the tribe for the first time and not Goffe as previously thought. Existence of 98 valid species of this genus was confirmed: two from the subgenus Afroparagus, nine species and one subspecies from subgenus Serratoparagus, 51 species of the subgenus Paragus and 36 species of the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus. The taxonomic status of P. ambalaensis and P. hokusankoensis remained unresolved, due to the impossibility of examining the type material of these species. Nine species are proposed as junior synonyms: Paragus cooksoni syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. basilewskyi), P. hanzhongensis syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. clausseni), P. hyalopteri syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. xinyuanensis), P. jiuchiensis syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. clausseni), P. manensis syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. basilewskyi), P. mongolicus syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. tribuliparamerus), P. nigrocoerulea syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. haemorrhous), P. sinicus syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. fasciatus), P. tibialis var. nasutus syn. nov. (junior synonym of P. haemorrhous). A key is presented for identifying species of the genus Paragus. Wing and surstilus geometric-morphometric analysis confirmed the existence of four valid species within the P. bicolor species complex: P. bicolor, P. testaceus, P. aff. bicolor and P. aff. testaceus. Two new species for science were discovered within P. bicolor species complex: P. aff. bicolor and P. aff. testaceus. New data on the distribution of the genus were obtained. Eight species were found as first record for particular states. The Аfotropical region is characterized by the highest diversity of the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus (n = 17), while the highest diversity of the subgenus Paragus (n = 43) is in the Palearctic. After the Аfotropical region, the largest number of species of the subgenus Pandasyopthalmus (n = 11) is recorded in the Oriental region. With nine species in the Nearctic and three species in Australasia, Nearctic and Australasia represent the regions with the lowest number of recorded species of the genus Paragus.