Ekstrakti duda (Morus spp., Morasceae), sastav, delovanje i primena

Abstract

Upotrebom različitih ekstragenasa izvršena je ekstrakcija ploda, lista i korena belog (Morus alba L.) i crnog duda (Morus nigra L. ). Ekstrakcija etanolom je izvršena pri predhodno određenim optimalnim uslovima ekstrakcije (70% koncentracija etanola, temperatura 60°C i odnos rastvarač:droga 20 ml/g). Ispitan je hemijski sastav ekstrakata različitih delova duda. Ispitivanja hemijskog sastava etanolnih ekstrakata obuhvatala su određivanje sadržaja ukupnih fenola, ukupnih flavonoida, ukupnih i monomernih antocijana, kvalitativni i kvantitativni sastav polifenolnih komponenata, kao i sadržaj mikro-, makro- i toksičnih elemenata. Najvedi sadržaj ukupnih fenolnih jedinjenja određen je u ekstraktu korena M. nigra (186 mg EHK/g), a najvedi sadržaj flavonoidnih jedinjenja u ekstraktu lista M. nigra (67 mg ER/g). U ekstraktima lista duda po svom sadržaju u odnosu na ukupan sadržaj polifenolnih jedinjenja ističe se kafena kiselina (od 53,34 do 62,11%), dok se u ekstraktima korena izdvaja hlorogenska kiselina (udeo vedi od 74%). U pogledu mineralnog sastava ekstrakata relativno veliki sadržaj Ca i Mg je karakterističan za obe vrste ekstrakata (vedi od 1.400 μg/g). Mikroelementi u svim ispitanim uzorcima duda po opadajudem nivou, su Fe, B, Zn, Cu i Mn. U ekstraktima dobijenim superkritičnim CO2 određen je sadržaj masnih kiselina i ukupnih karotenoida. U ispitivanim ekstraktima dominante su nezasidene masne kiseline, linolna i linolenska kiselina, a značajan je udeo i zasidene masne kiseline (palmitinske kiseline). Ispitivanje delovanja ekstrakata obuhvatalo je evaluaciju antioksidativne aktivnosti pradenjem sposobnosti neutralizacije slobodnih radikala, redukcionog potencijala i inhibicije lipidne peroksidacije. Po svim primenjenim metodama najvedu aktivnost je pokazao ekstrakt lista crnog duda. U završnoj fazi rada ispitana je in vitro citotoksična aktivnost ekstrakata duda, njihovim delovanjem na rast tri delijske linije: Hep2, RD i L2OB. Ekstrakti lista M. nigra su se pokazali kao najpotentniji inhibitori rasta na sve tri delijske linije (IC50<30 μg/g). Na osnovu svih sprovedenih ispitivanja kao proizvod sa najboljim karakteristikama pokazao se ekstrakti lista M. nigra.

Using different extraction solvents extracts of fruit, leaves and roots of white (Morus alba L.) and black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) were prepared. Extraction by ethanol was carried out at the previously determined optimal extraction conditions (70% ethanol concentration, temperature 60°C and the ratio of solvent: drug 20 ml/g). The chemical composition of extracts obtained from different parts of the mulberry were analysed. These analyses included the determination of total phenols, total flavonoids, monomeric and total anthocyanins, qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenolic components, and the content of micro-, macro- and toxic elements. The highest phenolic content was determined in the extract of M. nigra root (186 mg ECA/ g), while the highest content of flavonoid compounds was determined in the extract of M. nigra leaves (67 mg ER/g). In the case of mulberry leaf extracts dominant phenolic compound, in relation to the total phenolic content, was caffeic acid (with contribution from 53.34 to 62.11%), while in the extracts of root extracts dominant phenolic compounds was chlorogenic acid (a higher proportion of 74%). In terms of mineral composition of the extracts relatively high content of Ca and Mg was characteristic of both types of extracts (greater than 1,400 mg/g). Measured content of trace elements in mulberry extracts decrease in the next order: Fe> B> Zn> Cu> Mn. In the extracts obtained by supercritical CO2 fatty acids and total carotenoids were determined. In these extracts dominant unsaturated fatty acids were linoleic and linolenic acid. Also, significant proportion of saturated fatty acid (palmitic acid) has been detected. Testing of extracts activity included the evaluation of antioxidant activity applying the methods based on: neutralize free radicals, reducing power potential and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. All applied methods showed the highest activity of black mulberry leaf extract. In the final phase of work in vitro cytotoxic activity of mulberry extracts was examined. Their effect on growth of three cell lines: Hep2, RD, and L2OB were analysed. Extracts of M. nigra proved to be the most potent inhibitors of growth in all three cell lines (IC50<30 mg/g). On the basis of all conducted tests it has been proven that M. nigra extracts are products with the best characteristics.