Rekonstrukcija evolucione istorije kompleksa potočne pastrmke Salmo cf. trutta Zapadnog Balkana: diferencijacija i diverzitet

Abstract

Filogenija i sistematika u drugoj polovini 20. veka sve više se zasnivaju na molekularnim metodama kojima se nastoje rešiti kompleksni odnosi između rodova i vrsta u okviru porodice Salmonidae. U ovom radu, kao molekularno-genetički markeri korišćeni su kontrolni region mitohondrijalne DNK (CR mtDNK), mikrosateliti i jedarni LDH-C* gen, važan dijagnostički marker koji se dobro pokazao u rešavanju problema postglacijalne kolonizacije populacija S. trutta. Krajem 20. veka definisane su jasne filogeografske linije pastrmki – atlantska (AT), dunavska (DA), mediteranska (ME), jadranska (AD) i marmoratus linija (MA). Zapadni deo Balkana čini jadransko-mediteranska oblast sa najvećim fenotipskim diverzitetom među pastrmskim populacijama, dok veliki deo unutrašnje teritorije pripada crnomorskom slivu. U ovoj disertaciji analizirane su potočne pastrmke iz reka crnomorskog sliva u Bosni i Hercegovini, i reka jadranskog sliva u Crnoj Gori, sa ciljem utvrđivanja genetičke strukture i raznovrsnosti populacija kompleksa S. cf. trutta na području zapadnog Balkana, uzimajući u obzir potencijalne hibridizacione procese. U rekama crnomorskog sliva detektovana su dva haplotipa DA (Da2, Da22), i jedan AT linije (At1). U jadranskom slivu ustanovljeno je šest haplotipova iz tri linije: AD (ADcs11, Ad+Prz), DA (Da1, Da2) i AT (A17, At1). U gotovo svim rezidentnim populacijama primećeno je ukrštanje između autohtonih i introdukovanih jedinki. Invazivni efekti stranih haplotipova potočne pastrmke (At1, A17, Da2) u analiziranim rekama otkriveni su u proceni rizika od strane autora navedenih u ovoj disertaciji. Nužno je ustanoviti politiku upravljanja pastrmskim ribolovom i mere konzervacije kako bi se redukovao rizik koji neadekvatno poribljavanje predstavlja po autohtoni fond potočne pastrmke.

Phylogeny and systematics in the second half of the 20th century are mostly based on molecular methods that seek to resolve complex relationships between genera and species within the Salmonidae family. In this research, the following molecular molecular genetic markers were used: mitochondrial DNA (CR mtDNA) control region, microsatellites and nuclear LDH-C * gene, an important diagnostic marker that has proven particularly well for addressing postglacial colonization of S. trutta populations. At the end of the 20th century clear phylogeographic lineages of brown trout were defined – Atlantic (AT), Danubian (DA), Mediterranean (ME), Adriatic (AD), and marmoratus (MA). Western part of Balkan is made up of the Adriatic-Mediterranean area, which represents the area of greatest phenotypic diversity among trout populations, while a large part of the its inland territory belongs to the Black Sea basin. In this dissertation, brown trout from the rivers of the Black Sea basin in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the rivers of the Adriatic basin in Montenegro were analyzed, with the aim of determining the genetic structure and diversity of populations of the complex of brown trout S. cf. trutta in the Western Balkans, taking into account potential hybridization processes. In rivers of the Black Sea basin, three haplotypes were detected, two of which belong to the DA lineage (Da2 and Da22), and one haplotype belongs to the AT lineage (At1). Six haplotypes from three lineages were detected in the Adriatic basin: AD (ADcs11, Ad + Prz), DA (Da1, Da2) and AT (A17, At1). In almost all resident populations, crossing between autochthonous and introduced individuals was observed. The invasive effects of foreign haplotypes of brown trout (At1, A17, Da2) in analyzed trout rivers were discovered in a risk assessment by the authors cited in this dissertation. There is a great need to establish a trout fisheries management policy and conservation measures to reduce the possible risk that inadequate stocking may pose to an indigenous trout stock.