Doktrina prirodnog prava u klasičnoj ugovornoj teoriji

Abstract

Predmet ove disertacije je pojam prirodnog prava u teorijama društvenog ugovora koje su izložili Tomas Hobs, Džon Lok i Žan-Žak Ruso. Njen cilj je da, korišćenjem metoda pojmovne, normativne i istorijske analize, te metoda misaonog eksperimenta, kao i kritičko-evaluativnog i interpretativnog metoda, utvrdi, obrazloži i odbrani originalno značenje ove doktrine. Zarad toga, najpre će biti ukratko pregledane istorijske okolnosti perioda u kome je ovo učenje nastalo, kao i njegov opšti teorijski okvir. Zatim će biti analizirani relevantni aspekti temelja doktrine prirodnog prava – teorije društvenog ugovora. U ovom pogledu, akcenat će biti stavljen na ključne paralele između učenja Hobsa, Loka i Rusoa. Centralna tematska celina će biti posvećena analizi same doktrine prirodnog prava: u okviru nje će, nakon predstavljanja teološke i sekularne koncepcije prirodnog prava, biti posebno razmotrena prava na život, slobodu i imovinu, da bi zatim bila analizirana svojstva osnovnih prava: prirodnost, neotuđivost, negativnost i individualnost. U narednoj tematskoj celini će biti detaljno razmotreni osnovni tokovi u kritici prirodnog prava: trasimahovski, pozitivistički, liberalni, konzervativni i deskriptivno-normativni, da bi poslednja tematska celina bila posvećena analizi pravno-političkih dokumenata na koje je doktrina prirodnog prava ostvarila poseban uticaj. U zaključku će biti rekapitulirani rezultati istraživanja

The subject of this dissertation is the concept of natural right in the social contract theories presented by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Its goal is to estalish, explain, and defend the original meaning of this doctrine, through the use of the methods of conceptual, normative and historical analysis, as well as the method of thought experiment, and the critical and evaluative methods. In order to achieve this, a short overview of historical circumstances of the period in which this doctrine was founded will be presented first, along with its general theoretical frame. The relevant aspects of its foundation – the social contract theory – will be analyzed next. In this regard, the key parallels between the teachings of Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau will be accentuated. The central thematic section will be dedicated to the analysis of the natural rights doctrine itself: after presenting the theological and secular conceptions of natural rights, the rights to life, liberty and property will be individually considered therein, after which the properties of fundamental rights: naturalness, inalienability, negativity and individuality will be analyzed. The following thematic section will present a detailed consideration of the basic currents in the critique of natural rights: the trasymachean, positivist, liberal, conservative and descriptive-normative, while the final thematic section will be dedicated to the analysis of legal/political documents that were particularly influenced by the doctrine of natural rights. The conclusion will recapitulate the results of the research