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Biological efficacy evaluation of larvicide formulations in mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) control

dc.contributor.advisorLazić, Sanja
dc.contributor.advisorIgnjatović-Ćupina, Aleksandra
dc.contributor.otherZgomba, Marija
dc.contributor.otherPetrić, Dušan
dc.contributor.otherKljajić, Petar
dc.creatorKavran, Mihaela
dc.date.accessioned2020-02-26T16:23:28Z
dc.date.available2020-02-26T16:23:28Z
dc.date.available2020-07-03T13:33:39Z
dc.date.issued2018-09-17
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/Disertacija153070166681558.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)107552&fileName=153070166681558.pdf&id=11603&source=NaRDuS&language=srsr
dc.identifier.urihttps://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/handle/123456789/12052
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=107552&source=NaRDuS&language=srsr
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/DownloadFileServlet/IzvestajKomisije153070173905494.pdf?controlNumber=(BISIS)107552&fileName=153070173905494.pdf&id=11604&source=NaRDuS&language=srsr
dc.description.abstractNa globalnom i lokalnom nivou, komarci se svrstavaju u grupu najznaĉajnijih molestanata i vektora patogena ĉoveka i ţivotinja, prouzrokovaĉa oboljenja sa ĉestim smrtnim ishodom, kao što su malarija, ţuta groznica, groznica zapadnog Nila, denga i ĉikungunja. Hematofagni reţim ishrane ţenki komaraca na ljudima i ţivotinjama je deo ponašanja koje ih ĉini toliko vaţnim sa aspekta javnog zdravlja, jer već tokom uzimanja prvog obroka krvi one mogu usvojiti i patogene iz zaraţenog domaćina. Cirkulacija virusa zapadnog Nila u ljudima, pticama, konjima i komarcima je nedavno potvrĊena na prostoru Srbije tokom nekoliko uzastopnih godina. Vrsta koju karakterišu osobine visoko kompetentnog vektora je kućni komarac, odnosno domaća vrsta Culex pipiens complex. Vrsta je prisutna u svim delovima Srbije i veoma rasprostranjena u širokom spektru akvatiĉnih razvojnih staništa.  Druga veoma znaĉajna je invazivna vrsta Aedes albopictus. Ova invazivna vrsta uspešno prenosi patogene prouzrokovaĉe gore pomenutih oboljenja u Evropi.  U programima suzbijanja komaraca neophodno je dopuniti strategiju prilagoĊenu suzbijanju komaraca molestanata strategijom suzbijanja vektora, koja podrazumeva prilagoĊavanje i podizanje efikasnosti metoda koje će se koristiti u cilju bolje i brţe kontrole. Za razliku od većine zemalja Evrope gde se zadovoljavajuća efikasnost u suzbijanju komaraca ostvaruje samo larvicidnim tretmanima u Srbiji se to još ne postiţe, ĉak i pored prekomerne i rastuće aplikacije adulticida. Planiranje i sprovoĊenje akcija suzbijanja komaraca treba da bude prilagoĊeno novonastalim potrebama suzbijanja vektora. Prilikom opredeljivanja i izrade planova i programa suzbijanja komaraca u Srbiji bilo bi potrebno da se uspostavi suzbijanje komaraca koje će biti precizno prilagoĊeno lokalnim uslovima, ekonomiĉno, efikasno i koje će minimalno uticati na narušavanje prirodne ravnoteţe u ruralnim i urbanim staništima.  Cilj ovog istraţivanja je evaluacija biološke efikasnosti i procena perzistentnosti delovanja formulacija ciromazina, diflubenzurona, piriproksifena i polidimetilsiloksana u funkciji supresije dve veoma vaţne molestantske i vektorske vrste komaraca, Cx. pipiens complex i Ae. albopictus.  Opredeljena su tri razliĉita tipa regulatora rasta i razvoja insekata (IGR)- ciromazin, piriproksifen i diflubenzuron kao standard/komparativna aktivna materija (hemijski metod), a potom i polidimetilsiloksana (fiziĉki metod). Mehanizam delovanja IGR agenasa zasnovan je na ometanju hormonskog balansa u telu insekta ili prekidu normalnih funkcija vezanih za proces presvlaĉenja koji se dalje reperkutuju na ometanje i prekid normalnih tokova fizioloških funkcija, rezultirajući smrtnim ishodom tretiranog insekta. Selektovane su formulacije granula na ekološki prihvatljivim, biodegradabilnim nosaĉima (zeolit, kukuruzna koĉanka i Biodac, komercijalni nosaĉ na bazi reciklirane hartije). Biološka efikasnost formulacija ciromazina, piriproksifena i diflubenzurona ocenjivana je na larvama vrste Cx. pipiens complex u laboratorijskim uslovima, nakon ĉega je ciromazin ocenjivan u poluprirodnim uslovima (u plastiĉnim buradima). Potom su granule ciromazina i diflubenzurona opredeljene za nastavak evaluacije u poljskim eksperimentima (u drenaţnim kanalima semiruralne sredine).  Aquatain AMF je preparat novijeg datuma na bazi silikona (polidimetilsiloksan), koji na površini vode stvara monomolekularni film, a od nedavno EU komisija ga uvrštava u grupu biocida za suzbijanje komaraca. Ovaj monomolekularni film ometa i prekida normalan razvoj juvenilnih stadijuma komaraca redukujući površinski napon vode. Na ovaj naĉin onemogućena je respiracija akvatiĉnih formi komaraca. Smatra se da ovaj agens uzrokuje „multistage― efekat, utiĉući na sve stadijume razvića tretirane populacije komaraca.  Sve testirane granule regulatora rasta su pokazale visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju vrste Cx. pipiens complex. Granule ciromazina su ukazale direktnu vezu primenjene doze i efikasnosti. Zabeleţena je visoka i perzistentna efikasnost granula sa sadrţajem aktivne materije ciromazina od 2 % u odnosu na granule sa niţim sadrţajem ciromazina (0.5%). Granule sa 2% ciromazina su zadrţale visoku efikasnost tokom dva meseca u laboratorijskim uslovima. Primenjene granule diflubenzurona (1% a.m) i piriproksifena (0.5% a.m) su takoĊe postigle supresiju celokupne eksponirane populacije (mortalitet 100%), ali su ovi IGR zahtevali duţi period za postizanje maksimalnog efakta. Zadovoljavajuću efikasnost (LT90) najbrţe su postigle granule ciromazina 2, potom diflubenzuron, dok je najsporije delovanje zabeleţeno primenom piriproksifena.  Testirane granule nisu flotirale, te je sve do optimizacije ove formulacije potrebno ograniĉiti njihovu primenu na razvojna staništa komaraca sa ĉvrstom strukturom dna (npr. veštaĉki recipijenti vode svih zapremina), gde ne postoji mogućnost gubljenja apliciranih granula usled zamuljivanja.  Aquatain AMF je pokazao visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju larvi i lutki obe ciljne vrste Cx. pipiens complex i Ae. albopictus u laboratorijskim uslovima. MeĊutim, kućni komarac je pokazao veći stepen osetljivosti na prisustvo Aquatain AMF sloja u odnosu na tretiranu invazivnu vrstu. Najveća senzitivnost obe vrste na monomolekularni sloj zabeleţena je u poslednjem larvenom stupnju i stadijumu lutke. Senzitivnost testiranih vrsta u stadijumu lutke se nije meĊusobno razlikovala. Primenjen u veštaĉkim recipijentima vode, ovaj preparat obezbeĊuje visok stepen supresije (100%) tretirane populacije obe vrste. Aplikacijom u kanalima redukuje populaciju kućnog komarca u trajanju od 21 dan (u kanalu gusto obraslim vegetacijom) pa sve do 56 post tretman dana (u kanalu na ĉijoj vodenoj površini ništa ne remeti celovitost apliciranog sloja), u zavisnosti od abiotiĉkih i biotiĉkih faktora koji ometaju postojanost monomolekularnog sloja. U preporuĉenoj i duploj dozi od 1, odnosno 2 mL/m2, preparat ne prevenira ovipoziciju dugoroĉno (maksimalno do nedelju dana), ali onemogućava razvoj larvi iz jaja poloţenih na film. Kada je testirana 10 puta veća doza, utvrĊeno je da Aquatain AMF onemogućava polaganje jaja u trajanju od 19 dana.  UvoĊenje evaluiranih, novih supstanci u programe suzbijanja juvenilnih stadijuma razvoja komaraca, pre nego što doĊe do pojave odraslih formi, svakako predstavlja opravdanu mogućnost za proširenje izbora supstanci koje postoje na trţištu u Srbiji.  Urbane zone se smatraju kritiĉnim taĉkama za suzbijanje komaraca obe navedene vrste jer usled mnogobrojnih izvorišta i povoljnih uslova razvoja (temperatura vode), blizine velikog broja potencijalnih domaćina, dolazi do kontinuiranog polaganja jaja,  odnosno formiranja više generacija tokom sezone, koje se meĊusobno preklapaju. Adekvatna primena ocenjivanih biocidnih agenasa prilagoĊena tipu razvojnog staništa dve najznaĉajnije urbane vrste komaraca omogućila bi smanjenje broja tretmana u poreĊenju sa primenom kako konvencionalnih tako i bioloških larvicida Datumsr
dc.description.abstractMosquitoes are globally and locally most significant molestants and vectors, transmitting pathogens which may cause humans’ and animals’ severe diseases like West Nile Fever, yellow fever, malaria, dengue and chikungunya frequently with fatal outcome. Mosquito females regular behaviour pattern which includes haematophagous feeding regime on humans and animals gave them highly significant role in public health. Females may intake pathogens at first blood meal on infected host. West Nile Virus circulation in humans, birds, horses and mosquitoes on the Serbian territory has been recently confirmed in several consecutive years. The major highly competent vector is house mosquito, Culex pipiens complex. The species is widely distributed in all parts of Serbia, inhabiting diverse aquatic breeding sites. Invasive, widespread Aedes albopictus is one of the most important vector species of severe human and animal diseases in Europe.  Within mosquito control programs it is essential to modify the strategy of molestant control by vector control, which implies adaptations and optimisations of available methods’ efficacy aiming to the enhanced and faster mosquito suppression/control. Opposite to the most European countries which succeed satisfying mosquito suppression level only by larvicide treatments, Serbia has not reached that level yet, regardless excessive and increasing adulticides treatments in our country. Mosquito control methods should be planed and implemented according to the most recent surveillance of mosquito vector species. Mosquito control plans and programs in Serbia should be precisely based on local conditions and enable economically, ecologically, highly effective meassures which will minimize the negative impact to the equilibrium of the non-target aquatic biota and other organisms that could be endangered by eco-toxicological aspects of applied products into waters of rural and urban areas.  The main objectives of this study aimed to evaluate available larvicide efficacy (cyromazine, diflunbenzuron, pyriproxyfen and polydimethylsiloxane) and to determine susceptibility of the juvenile forms of Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus populations to the applied compounds, but also to determine product persistence/longevity in mosquito population reduction treatments.  As a part of chemical control three different Insect Growth Regulators (IGR) types were selected- cyromazine, pyriproxyfen and diflubenzuron as standard/comparative active ingradient. Additionally, silicone (polydimethylsiloxane) based product Aquatain AMF, aimed for physical control, was evaluated.  Mode of IGRs action consists of hormonal disbalance or regular molting process disturbance that reflects to disorder or break of normal physiological functions, resulting by insect death. Aquatain AMF is a silicone-based monomolecular film (polydimethylsiloxane), novel tool, and recently-approved product in the EU for mosquito control affecting mosquitoes’ aquatic developmental stages. AMF spreads spontaneously and rapidly over a water surface. The physical mode of action based on lowering water surface tension prevents mosquito larvae/pupae respiration. Subsequently, AMF disables gravid females to land on the water surface and obstructs the natural oviposition process. According to the multiple effects on all immature mosquito stages, AMF can reduce mosquito density. All selected IGR formulation were granules consisted of ecologically suitable, biodegradable carriers (zeolite, corn cob and Biodac, commercial carrier made of recycled paper). Biological efficacy of all tested IGRs was evaluated in laboratory conditions and subsequently cyromazine was tested in semi-field experiments (in plastic barrels). Following findings obtained cyromazine and diflubenzuron granules were evaluated under field conditions (ditches/channels semirural location).  Tested IGR granules showed high efficacy in Cx. pipiens complex control. Cyromazine granules applied doses were directly equivalent to its efficacy. Granules with 2% cyromazine demonstrated higher, faster and more persistent efficacy comparing to the granules with lower cyromazine content (0.5 %).  Cyromazine 2 granules were two months highly effective against Cx. pipiens juveniles in laboratory conditions. Applied diflubenzuron (1% a.i.) and pyriproxyfen (0.5% a.i.) granules caused complete population reduction (mortality 100%). However, diflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen required longer period to cause same rate of effectiveness. Satisfying efficacy level (LT90) cyromazine achieved more rapidly than other evaluated IGRs. Slowest activity of tested products was recorded in pyriproxyfen treatment.  Bias of all tested IGR formulations were their inability to float. Therefore, until optimised, application of IGR granular formulation should be limited to aquatatic breeding sites with solid base structure (e.g. artificial water recipient, regardless of volume), in which granules would not be lost in mud after they sink from water surface.  Aquatain AMF achieved high mortality rates of juvenile stages of both Ae. albopictus and Cx. pipiens under laboratory conditions. However, Cx. pipiens larvae showed higher susceptibility to AMF compared to Ae. albopictus. The impact on pupae was not different between species. Pupae of both species were highly susceptible. Applied in artificial water recipients, Aquatain AMF inhibits completely (100%) population eclosion to the adult stage of Ae. albopictus. In field conditions Aquatain AMF longevity to suppress Cx. pipiens complex population was estimated in range from 21 to 56 post treatment days, depending on abiotic and biotic factors disturbing applied monomolecular layer.  Recommended dose of this product will not prevent females’ oviposition in a longterm (maximum seven days), but will unable juvenile development hatched from eggs after oviposited on monomolecular layer. Increased dose (10 fold) provides long-term oviposition prevention. Females would be 19 days unable to lay eggs on 10 mL/m2 thick layer.  Implementation of tested novel mosquito control agents which prevent juvenile stages development to adult stage justify possibility of increasing available products of biocides for a sound vector control.  Urban breeding sites are critical and complex to control mosquitoes because of continuous seasonal availability of water bodies and suitable temperatures (frequently higher than in rural areas). Additionally, vicinity of densely populated hosts (humans), generates enormous populations with overlapping generations and presence of all developmental stages from April to October. Adequate selection and application of evaluated biocide agents, adapted to the Cx. pipiens and Ae. albopictus breeding site types would decrease required number of treatments comparing to conventional and biological biocides, especially treatments in urban areas.en
dc.languagesr (latin script)
dc.publisherУниверзитет у Новом Саду, Пољопривредни факултетsr
dc.rightsopenAccessen
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/
dc.sourceУниверзитет у Новом Садуsr
dc.subjectKomarcisr
dc.subjectMosquitoesen
dc.subjectCulex pipienssr
dc.subjectAedes albopictussr
dc.subjectsuzbijanjesr
dc.subjectlarvicidisr
dc.subjectciromazinsr
dc.subjectdiflubenzuronsr
dc.subjectpiriproksifensr
dc.subjectAquatain AMFsr
dc.subjectCulex pipiensen
dc.subjectAedes albopictusen
dc.subjectcontrolen
dc.subjectlarvicidesen
dc.subjectcyromazineen
dc.subjectdiflubenzuronen
dc.subjectpyriproxyfenen
dc.subjectAquatain AMFen
dc.titleFormulacije insekticida u funkciji obezbeđenja biološke efikasnosti biocida namenjenih suzbijanju larvi komaraca (Diptera, Culicidae)sr
dc.title.alternativeBiological efficacy evaluation of larvicide formulations in mosquito (Diptera, Culicidae) controlen
dc.typedoctoralThesisen
dc.rights.licenseBY-NC-ND
dc.identifier.fulltexthttps://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/bitstream/id/36232/Disertacija.pdf
dc.identifier.rcubhttps://hdl.handle.net/21.15107/rcub_nardus_12052


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