Legati u kulturnoj politici Republike Srbije
Bequests in the cultural policy of the republic of Serbia
Author
Božić, JadrankaMentor
Milenković, DejanCommittee members
Đorđević, SnežanaDragićević Šešić, Milena

Danković Stepanović, Sanja

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Show full item recordAbstract
Predmet ove doktorske disertacije je istraživanje sadašnjeg statusa legata,
njegove uloge i značaja u kulturnoj politici Republike Srbije. Kulturološki, društveni i
pravni odnos prema legatorstvu posmatran je kao paradigmatičan za odnos prema
kulturnom nasleđu uopšte.
Istraživanje je nastojalo da klasifikuje, analizira i objasni prirodu teškoća koje
prate sferu legatorstva kojoj je neophodna snažnija društvena podrška. Studija je
fokusirana na objedinjavanje funkcionisanja legata u svim baštinskim ustanovama –
muzejima, bibliotekama, arhivima i kinoteci.
Ciljevi ovog rada su teorijske i praktične prirode. Na teorijskom planu bavili
smo se kulturološkim, društvenim i pravnim položajem legata u Republici Srbiji i na
osnovu ovih uvida predložen je model kvalitetnije zaštite, korišćenja i prezentacije
(komunikacije) legata. Praktični ciljevi predstavljaju akcionu osnovu za izradu
strategije građenja savremenog koncepta legata u okviru kulturne politike Republike
Srbije.
Legat u kulturi pre...dstavlja značajno pitanje, kako s muzeološkog, tako i sa
zakonodavnog i etičkog stanovišta. Posebno naglašavamo da se pod legatom u
kulturološkom smislu podrazumevaju svi pokloni ostavljeni institucijama, pa i oni
ostavljeni testamentom. I generalno, u bibliotekama, muzejima, arhivima, kinoteci –
svugde se govoreći o legatima misli pre svega na poklonjenu građu.
U svom radu nastojali smo da legate sagledamo kao važan segment kulturne
baštine Republike Srbije kojem kulturna politika do sada nije davala dovoljan značaj.
U procesu ovog istraživanja opšta hipoteza koju ćemo pokušati da dokažemo odnosi
se na značaj unapređenja sfere legatorstva i zadužbinarske delatnosti uopšte kao vida
kulturnog nasleđa za kulturnu politiku Republike Srbije. Glavna hipoteza biće
potpomognuta pre svega tezom da legati nemaju adekvatnu sistemsku (zakonsku,
društvenu, finansijsku) podršku budući da nema ni podzakonskih akata kojima bi se
regulisalo funkcionisanje ustanova kulture (pre svega muzeja), odnosno da kulturna
politika Republike Srbije u 21. veku ne poklanja dovoljno pažnje legatima.
Ove teze propitivane su u radu analizom postojeće literature, koncepta
filantropije i zadužbinarstva u Republici Srbiji, mnoštva komparativnih zakonskih i
praktičnih rešanja problematike donatorstva u Evropskoj Uniji, svih relevantnih
podzakonskih i drugih akata koji se tiču legatorstva, analiziranjem funkcionisanja
legata u najznačajnijim nacionalnim institucijama.
U radu se pruža originalna analiza podataka dobijenih intervjuisanjem
stručnjaka i kulturnih poslenika (strukturisani, dubinski intervju) na temu legata.
Metodu studije slučaja (Case Study) primenili smo na korpus legata Narodne
biblioteke Srbije u okviru osnovnog istraživačkog problema koji je postavljen u radu.
Teza bi trebalo da predstavlja originalan naučni doprinos proučavanju
savremene kulturne politike u oblasti legatorstva u Srbiji. Predlažemo model
kvalitetnije sistemske, celovite zaštite, korišćenja i prezentacije (komunikacije) legata
u Srbiji, naročito u domenu zakonske regulative.
Legatima nedostaje valjana pravna utemeljenost i jedinstvena politika tretiranja
legata kao kulturnih vrednosti, dobara. Prvenstveni cilj funkcionisanja legatorstva i
upravljanja legatima u Srbiji u kontekstu tranzicionih procesa je konstituisanje
savremenih okvira za filantropiju i dobročinjenje.
S obzirom na to da se legati danas nalaze u pravnom bespuću, da su
kulturološki i društveno nedovoljno podržani i promovisani, mora se poraditi na
podizanju njihovog društvenog značaja i ugleda. Tek uspostavljanje sistemske brige o
legatima dovodi do pomaka u ovoj sferi kulturne politike i shvatanja legatorstva kao
temelja muzeologije (biblioteke, arhivi).
U Republici Srbiji legati nisu u dovoljnoj meri prepoznati kao značajan društveni
faktor koji razvija dobre navike ali i obogaćuje muzejske, arhivske, bibliotečke zbirke.
Ako taj faktor nije prepoznat, on ne može uticati na razvoj i podsticanje stvaralaštva.
Smatramo da privatna inicijativa (otvaranje privatnih muzeja i biblioteka) predstavlja
budućnost uspešne kulturne politike Republike Srbije.
Budući da je čitava fizionomija kulturnog nasleđa kad su u pitanju pokretna pa
čak i nepokretna kulturna dobra nastala zahvaljujući delovanju legatora, otuda je
značaj unapređenja sfere legatorstva i zadužbinarske delatnosti uopšte za kulturnu
politiku Republike Srbije nemerljiv.
The subject of this doctoral dissertation is the research of the current status of
bequests, as well as their role and importance, in the cultural policy of the Republic of
Serbia. The cultural, social and legal attitude towards bequeathal is seen as
paradigmatic for the general attitude towards cultural heritage.
This study attempts to classify, analyze and explain the nature of difficulties
that occur in the sphere of bequeathal, which demands stronger societal support. The
study focuses on grouping together the ways of bequest functioning in all heritage
institutions – museums, libraries, archives and the cinematheque (film archive).
The objectives of this study are both theoretical and practical in nature. In
terms of theory, it assesses the cultural, social and legal position of bequests in the
Republic of Serbia and, based on these insights, proposes a model of more effective
protection, use and presentation (communication) of bequests. Practical aims provide
a basis for formulat...ing a strategy of building a modern donorship program as part of
the cultural policy of the Republic of Serbia.
Bequests are an important aspect of culture in the museological, legislative
and ethical sense. It should be noted that, in the cultural sense, bequests include all
gifts to institutions, including those bequeathed in wills. Generally, when discussing
bequests in the context of libraries, museums, archives and film archives, bequests
primarily refer to donated material. 33
This study attempts to assess bequests as an important segment of the cultural
heritage of the Republic of Serbia which has not been accorded adequate importance
so far. The general premise that this research aims to prove refers to the importance of
improving the sphere of bequeathal and donorship as a form of cultural heritage in
Serbia’s cultural policy. The main hypothesis will be supported by the claim that
bequeathals do not enjoy adequate systematic (legislative, social, financial) support
since there is no subordinate legislation to regulate the functioning of cultural
institutions (above all museums) – the claim that the cultural policy of the Republic of
Serbia in the 21st century does not accord adequate attention to bequeathals.
These premises were explored in the study by analyzing existing literature,
philanthropy and donorship concepts in the Republic of Serbia, a range of
comparative legal and practical solutions for donorship problems in the EU, all
relevant subordinate legislation concerning bequeathal, and the functioning of
bequests in leading national institutions.
The paper offers an original analysis of data collected in interviews with
experts and culture workers (in-depth interview) on the topic of bequests. The case
study method was applied to the bequest corpus of the National Library of Serbia
within the general research framework of this paper.
This dissertation aspires to offer an original academic contribution to the study
of modern cultural policy in the field of bequeathal in Serbia. It proposes a model of
more effective, systematic and comprehensive protection, use and presentation
(communication) of bequests in Serbia, particularly in the field of legislation.
Bequests lack a sound legal basis and a cohesive policy of treating them as cultural
assets. The prime objective of bequest functioning and management in Serbia, in the
context of transitional processes, is the establishment of a modern framework for
philanthropic and charitable activities.
Since bequests are now stuck in a legal void and bereft of cultural and social
support and promotion, their social status and importance needs to be improved. Only
the introduction of systematic care of bequests could lead to advances in this sphere of
cultural policy and to the understanding of donorship as a cornerstone of museology
(libraries, archives).
In Serbia, bequests are not seen as an important social factor that could foster
good practices and enrich collections kept in museums, archives and libraries. Since
this factor lacks recognition, it has little impact on the development and promotion of
creative production. This study supports private initiative (the founding of privately
owned museums and libraries) as the future of Serbia’s successful cultural policy.
In view of the fact that the entire profile of cultural heritage – both in terms of
movable assets and immovable property – was shaped by benefactor contributions,
improving the field of bequeathal and donorship in general is of crucial importance
for the cultural policy of the Republic of Serbia.