Status i vremenska dinamika flore i vegetacije Deliblatske peščare

Abstract

U radu je analizirana flora i vegetacija Deliblatske peščare. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrđivanje recentnog stanja i osnovnih karakteristika flore Deliblatske peščare, ali i analiza dinamike flore Deliblatske peščare u poslednjih 220 godina. Jedan od ciljeva je bila analiza sukcesivnih promena u flori i vegetaciji Deliblatske peščare i predikcija njihovog pravca i kvaliteta, kao i utvrđivanje diverziteta i sintaksonomske šeme vegetacije Deliblatske peščare uz klasifikaciju problematičnih vegetacijskih grupa u širem aspektu- na nivou čitave Srbije, ali i Pontskog i Panonskog regiona. Terenska istraživanja su vršena u periodu 2012-2018 godine. Floristički podaci su uzimani na istim lokalitetima kao i fitocenološki snimci. Ukupno je uzeto 282 fitocenološka snimka metodom po Braun-Blankeu. Za florističku analizu je obrađena 301 referenca, a na terenu su prikupljeni podaci za 440 vrsta, od kojih je 6 po prvi put registrovano na ovom području. U florističku analizu je uključeno ukupno prikupljenih 9.887 podataka. U radu je dat floristički pregled u vidu spiska taksona koji su zabeleženi na Deliblatskoj peščari (ima ih 1072), sa lokalitetima na kojima su do sada pronađeni, obeleženi su prvi nalazi za vrste i podvrste, a obeležene su i vrste koje su potvrđene na terenskim istraživanjima u okviru ove disertacije. Floristička analiza je realizovana klasičnim numeričkim metodama, u cilju prezentacije najzastupljenijih familija, rodova, životnih formi i horotipova. Predstavljene su endemične, reliktne i ugrožene i ivnazivne vrste Peščare. Na Deliblatskoj peščari je zabeleženo 16 endemskih, 22 reliktnih, 49 strogo zaštićenih, 8 iz Crvenje knjige flore Srbije i 54 invazivna taksona. Dinamika florističkih istraživanja je predstavljena analizom literaturnih podataka i dinamike istraživanja ovog područja, a u skladu sa značajnim društvenim promenama područja, od kojih se kao najznačajniji momenat izdvaja početak pošumljavanja Peščare. U pregledu vegetacije Deliblatske peščare su predstavljeni najznačajniji vegetacijski tipovi ovog područja, date su fitocenološke tabele snimaka koji su za ove zajednice uzeti u toku terenskog istraživanja, fotografije zajednica i mape sa tačkama na kojima su uzimani snimci. U okviru pregleda vegetacije Deliblatske peščare, pored već poznatih vegetacijskih jedinica, po prvi put su predstavljene tri asocijacije autohtone vegetacije i dve sastojine antropogenih zajednica. U cilju razrešavanja problematike klasifikacije peščarske vegetacije, prikupljeni su i analizirani fitocenološki podaci za čitavu Srbiju, ali i ceo Panonski i Pontski basen. Na ovaj način je detaljno razjašnjena klasifikacija psamofitskih zajednica Deliblatske peščare do nivoa subasocijacija. Dinamika vegetacije Deliblatske peščare je analizirana praćenjem sukcesivnih stadijuma obrastanja peska i zatvaranjem sklopa sastojina. Monitoring je podrazumevao i pedološke analize na na lokalitetima različitih vegetacijskih tipova. U okviru praćenja dinamike vegetacije, realizovana su istraživanja na područjima na kojima se vrši revitalizacija stepskih sastojina. Rezultati ukazuju da je su revitalizacijom postignuti dobri rezultati koje treba dalje usmeravati i korigovati u pravcu postizanja optimalnih uslova za opstanak i razvoj stepske, ali i drugih tipova vegetacije. Rezultati ove doktorske disertacije daju dobru osnovu za dalja floristička i vegetacijska istraživanja Deliblatske peščare, ali i drugih, sličnih, prirodnih područja i značajan doprinos proučavanju flore i vegetacije Srbije.

In this research was analyzed flora and vegetation of the Deliblato Sands. The aim of the study was to determine the recent state and basic characteristics of the flora of Deliblato Sands, as well as to analyze the dynamics of flora in the last 220 years. One of the aims was to analyze the successive changes in the flora and vegetation of Deliblato Sands and the prediction of their direction and quality. Also, one of the goals was to determine the diversity and syntaxonomical scheme of vegetation through classification of problematic vegetation groups in the wider aspect - at the level of the whole Serbia, but also of Pontic and Pannonian region. Field research were carried out in the period 2012-2018. Floristic data were taken at the same sites as phytocenological plots. In total, 282 phytosociological relevés were taken using the Braun-Blanquet method. 301 different references were processed for floristic analysis and data for 440 species were collected in the field (6 of them were registered for the first time in this area). A total of 9,887 data collected were included in the floristic analysis. The research gives a floristic overview in the form of a list of taxa recorded in Deliblato Sandst (there are 1072 taxa), with the localities where they have been found so far, and the first findings for species and subspecies are marked, as well as the species confirmed in the field research within this dissertation. Floristic analysis was performed using classical numerical methods, in order to present the most represented families, genera, life forms and chorotypes. Endemic, relict and endangered and invasive species of Sandstone are presented. 16 endemic, 22 relicts, 49 strictly protected, 8 from the Red Data Book of Serbian flora and 54 invasive taxa have been recorded in Deliblato Sands. The dynamics of floristic research is represented by the analysis of literary data and the dynamics of research activities in this area. In accordance with the significant social changes of the area, it is noted that the most significant event was the beginning of afforestation of the Sand. The vegetation overview of the Deliblato Sands presents the most significant vegetation types of the area, provides phytosociological tables of relevés takenduring this research, photographs of communities and maps with points where the recordings were taken. In addition to the already known vegetation units, within the vegetation review of the Deliblat Sandstone, three associations of indigenous vegetation and two stands of anthropogenic communities were presented for the first time. In order to solve the problem of classification of sandy vegetation, phytocenological data were collected and analyzed for the whole Republic of Serbia, as well as the entire Pannonian and Pontic basin. In this way, the classification of the psammophytic communities of the Deliblato Sands to the level of subassociations was clarified. The vegetation dynamics of the Deliblato Sands were analyzed by monitoring successive stages of sand and steppe vegetation. Monitoring also included pedological analyzes at sites of different vegetation types. As part of the monitoring of vegetation dynamics, research has been carried out in areas where steppe stands are being revitalized. The results indicate that the revitalization has achieved good results that need to be further directed and corrected in order to achieve optimal conditions for the survival and development of steppe and other vegetation types. The results of this doctoral dissertation provide a good basis for further floristic and vegetation research in the Deliblato sands, as well as other similar natural areas and a significant contribution to the study of the flora and vegetation of Serbia.