Uticaj aktivne supstance i formulisanih preparata klomazona na akvatične organizme

Abstract

Herbicidi su najčešće korišćena grupa pesticida, a nakon dospevanja u vodenu sredinu mogu ispoljiti štetno delovanje na neciljne organizme. Na tržištu se nalaze različite formulacije pesticida koje sadrže iste aktivne supstance, pri čemu se postavlja pitanje uticaja oblika formulacije na toksičnost herbicida za neciljne organizme. U okviru ove doktorske disertacije ispitivan je i upoređivan uticaj tehničke supstance i formulisanih preparata klomazona – Rampa® EC i GAT Cenit 36 CS na različite organizme vodene sredine, nakon čega je urađena procena rizika. Delovanje klomazona na primarne producente urađeno je ispitivanjima na dve vrste akvatičnih makrofita – Lemna minor i Myriophyllum aquaticum. Preparat Rampa® EC ispoljio je veću toksičnost za vrstu L. minor, dok je GAT Cenit 36 CS bio toksičniji za M. aquaticum. Ipak, za oba preparata veća inhibicija rasta registrovana je kod ukorenjene vrste M. aquaticum, što potvrđuje uvođenje ove makrofite u procenu rizika od herbicida. Ispitivanja na beskičmenjacima (Daphnia magna), embrionima riba (Danio rerio) i žaba (Xenopus laevis) ukazala su na veću toksičnost preparata Rampa® EC u odnosu na tehničku supstancu i drugi preparat. U studijama sa vrstama D. rerio i X. laevis pored toksičnosti utvrđivan je i teratogeni potencijal tehničke supstance klomazon i oba ispitivana preparata. Ujedno, ovo je prvi rezultat o embriotoksičnosti, kako aktivne supstance, tako i preparata klomazona. Kod izlaganih jedinki registrovani su teratogeni efekti, kao što su: kraniofacijalne i deformacije kičme, pojava edema, smanjen porast (dužina). Kod embriona D. rerio izlagnih tehničkoj supstanci i preparatima registrovan je uticaj na motorne neurone, a kašnjenje u razvoju utvrđeno je kod izlaganja tehničkoj supstanci i preparatu Rampa® EC. Iz odnosa teratogenosti i toksičnosti kod embriona dve vrste utvrđen je indeks teratogenosti (TI) koji je ukazao da tehnička supstanca ima veći teratogeni, a preparat Rampa® EC toksični potencijal...

Herbicides are the most widely used group of pesticides, but they are able to cause adverse effects on non-target organisms after reaching water bodies. Different formulations using the same active ingredient are often available, which raises an issue of potential influence of different types of formulations on herbicide toxicity to nontarget organisms. Experiments were conducted as part of this doctoral dissertation to evaluate the toxicity of technical clomazone and its two formulated products: Rampa® EC and GAT Cenit 36 CS, to several aquatic organisms, and to assess the risks involved in their use. Clomazone effects on primary producers were assessed by examining two species of aquatic macrophytes – Lemna minor and Myriophyllum aquaticum. The Rampa® EC product demonstrated a higher toxicity to L. minor, while GAT Cenit 36 SC was more toxic to M. aquaticum. However, the rooted species M. aquaticum showed a greater inhibition of growth, considering both products, which supports introduction of this macrophyte in risk assessment protocols for herbicides. Experiments with aquatic invertebrate (Daphnia magna), fish (Danio rerio) and frog (Xenopus laevis) embryos revealed a higher toxicity of Rampa® EC than the technical ingredient and the other product. In experiments with D. rerio and X. laevis, teratogenic potential of the clomazone technical substance and both investigated products was determined in addition to toxicity assessment. The present investigation was also the first report on embryotoxicity caused by both clomazone active substance and its different products. Diverse teratogenic effects, such as craniofacial and spine deformities, edema and growth reduction (length), were found in exposed individuals. A significant effect on motoneurons was noted in D. rerio embryos exposed to the technical substance and both products, while underdevelopment was observed only in embryos exposed to the technical substance and Rampa® EC...