Organizacije civilnog društva kao podrška obrazovnoj inkluziji romske dece u AP Vojvodini

Abstract

Romi predstavljaju jednu od najsiromašnijih i najugroženijih grupa u Republici Srbiji sa akutnim socijalnim problemima i trpe posledice dugotrajnog i snažnog društvenog isključivanja, koje se odražava na njihovo zaposlenje, obrazovanje, korišćenje zdravstvenih i socijalnih usluga itd. Diskriminacija prema Romima predstavlja problem u svim aspektima društvenog života, a istraživanja u Republici Srbiji (Mitrović 2003; Raduški 2009, Cvejić 2014, MICS 2014) pokazuju da je ona vrlo visoka (i) u domenu obrazovanja. Ova konstatacija je posebno značajna za ovo istraživanje jer posredstvom sistematskih i ranih intervencija na smanjenju diskriminacije u oblasti obrazovanja, otvara se mogućnost za poboljšanjem kvaliteta života romske populacije u svim drugim domenima. Iako ne postoje egzaktni podaci o tačnom broju romske dece u sistemu obrazovanja, pojedina istraživanja (UNICEF 2010, Baucal 2012; Cvejić 2014; MICS 2014) prikazuju i upozoravaju na njihov veoma nepovoljan položaj u Republici Srbiji. Obrazovna struktura romske populacije prikazuje ogromne razlike u odnosu na ostale stanovnike Srbije i potpuno drugačije karakteristike koje su uslovljenje (pre svega) njihovom teškom socio-ekonomskom situacijom. Ta razlika se odražava na manji obuhvat romske dece u sistemu obrazovanja, viši stepen osipanja iz sistema 5 obrazovanja, niža školska postignuća (niži prosek ocena) u odnosu na opštu populaciju, veći broj opravdanih i neopravdanih časova, lošiji sociometrijski status u odeljenju itd., a sve ovo prati i suočavanje sa stereotipima i predrasudama koji su duboko ukorenjeni i percipiraju se kao činjenice. S obzirom na pomenutu negativnu obrazovnu strukturu romske populacije, rad pretenduje da pruži dublji uvid u rad organizacija civilnog društva kao podrške romskoj deci ka socijalnom uključivanju u obrazovni sistem. Predmet istraživanja biće usmeren na analizu programa i aktivnosti organizacija civilnog društva (u daljem tekstu OCD) i na analiziranje i ispitivanje delotvornosti njihove podrške kada je u pitanju inkluzija romske dece u obrazovni sistem. Istraživanje će biti sprovedeno u četiri grada u AP Vojvodini: Novi Sad, Subotica, Sombor i Kikinda. Praćenje će obuhvatiti programe i aktivnosti koji su sprovedeni u školskoj 2017/2018 godini, a obuhvatiće OCD koje u svom statutu definišu ciljeve u vezi sa inkluzijom Roma u obrazovanju u pomenutim gradovima i pružaju programe i aktivnosti koje doprinose inkluziji romske dece u obrazovni sistem. Naučni značaj ovog istraživanja ogleda se u sistematizovanju i produbljivanju saznanja o organizacijama civilnog društva i njihovim doprinosima, dometima, potencijalima i perspektivama u procesu inkluzije romske dece u obrazovni sistem. Produbljivanje naučnih saznanja o uticajima organizacija civilnog društva u ovom kontekstu svakako su bitni preduslovi za bolje razumevanje politike socijalnog uključivanja romske dece u sistem obrazovanja i unapređenje same inkluzivne prakse. Društveni značaj ogleda se u: - ukazivanju na doprinose OCD na obrazovnu inkluziju romske dece, - pružanju potpunije slike o radu OCD u kontekstu socijalnog uključivanja, 6 - upoznavanju sa aktuelnim problemima romske populacije. Pored toga, ovo istraživanje može da ponudi mogućnosti za razmatranje dugoročne i održive podrške u razvoju kapaciteta OCD i do efikasnijeg angažmana OCD u kontekstu socijalnog uključivanja romske dece u obrazovni sistem. U tom smislu, praktična korist bi mogla da bude integracija delotvornih programa i aktivnosti OCD u zvanične socijalne i/ili obrazovne politike i/ili mere. Istraživanje se oslanja na kvalitativne i kvantitativne metode, a po svom karakteru je deskripitvno i ekplanatorno. Pored toga, rad se oslanja i na analizu sadržaja relevantnih javnih dokumenata, zakonskih regulativa i statističkih podataka. Pomoću sociometrijske metode istražiće se aspekti socijalnih odnosa romske dece unutar odeljenja, odnosno njihov sociometrijski status u vršnjačkoj grupi kao osnov za procenu stepena uključenosti/isključenosti romske dece koja su korisnici programa i aktivnosti OCD u odnosu na decu iz opšte populacije i drugu romsku decu u sistemu obrazovanja. U istraživanju je učestvovalo 179 romskih učenika, između 9 i 10 godina, od kojih su 76 korisnici programa i aktivnosti OCD i 103 učenika koji nisu korisnici programa i aktivnosti OCD. Od 179 romskih učenika 97 su devojčiće, a 82 su dečaci. U programima i aktivnostima OCD uključeno je 40 devojčica i 36 dečaka, dok je van programa i aktivnosti OCD 57 devojčica i 46 dečaka. Uzorak predstavljaju romski učenici iz 8 osnovnih škola (četvrti razredi) sa visokim procentom romske dece u pomenutim gradovima (iz svakog grada po dve škole). Pored toga, pomoću odgovarajućih intervjua (posredstvom unapred strukturiranog upitnika) ispitani su zastupnici OCD koje u svom statutu navode inkluziju Roma kao jedan od ciljeva. Ovi upitnici pretenduju da ispitaju trenutno 7 stanje OCD (aktuelne programe i aktivnosti) i samoprocenu kapaciteta za rad sa romskom decom, kao i stepen saradnje sa osnovnim školama i drugim relevatnim akterima u ovom kontekstu. Nakon toga, intervjuisano je (posredstvom unapred strukturiranog upitnika) i 28 učitelja/ica iz pomenutih osnovnih škola, iz odabranih gradova sa teritorije AP Vojvodine. Konačno, posredstvom intervjua ispitano je i 24 romske porodice; 12 romskih porodica čija su deca uključena u programe i aktivnosti OCD i 12 romskih porodica čija deca nisu korisnici programa i aktivnosti OCD . Analizirajući dobijene rezultate, odnosno programe i aktivnosti OCD, ali i saradnju i kooperaciju između OCD, škola i romskih roditelja utvrđeno je da OCD predstavljaju značajnu podršku romskoj deci u sistemu obrazovanja. Rad takođe ukazuje i na sukob odnosno diskrepanciju između potreba zajednice i raspoloživih resursa OCD na teritoriji AP Vojvodine. Nalazi istraživanja jasno sugerišu da se glavne barijere odnose na finansijsku nestabilnost i neodrživost OCD, nedostatak saradnje sa školama i na izostajanje adekvatne podrške grada i/ili države, odnosno čitave zajednice. Naime, uprkos nedostatku finansijskih i drugih resursa, ukoliko sagledamo nalaze istraživanja, odnosno objektivne pokazatelje prikupljene iz školskih dosijea moramo da priznamo pozitivan uticaj OCD i njihovu značajnu ulogu u kreiranju podrške romskim učenicima u obrazovnom sistemu.

The Roma people represent one of the poorest and the most vulnerable groups in Serbia with acute social problems and they suffer the consequences of long-lasting and strong social exclusion that reflects on their employment, education, use of health and social services, etc. Discrimination against Roma is a problem in all aspects of social life, and the research in the Republic of Serbia (e.g. Mitrović, 2003; Raduški, 2009: Baucal, 2012, Cvejić, 2014, MICS, 2014) point to high discrimination in the domain of education. This finding is especially important for this research, because through systematic and early intervention on reducing discrimination in the field of education, the opportunity occurs for improving the quality of life of the Roma population in all other domains. Although there is no precise data on the exact number of Roma children in the education system, some studies (UNICEF, 2010, Baucal, 2012; Cvejić, 2014; MICS, 2014) show and warn of their very unfavorable situation in the Republic of Serbia. The educational structure of the Roma population shows tremendous differences in relation to other Serbian residents and completely different characteristics that are caused (primarily) by their difficult socio-economic situation. This difference reflects on the smaller inclusion of Roma children in the education system, the higher level of dropout from the education system, lower school achievements (lower average grade) 9 compared to the general population, a higher number of excused and unexcused absences, poorer socio-metric status within the class, etc. all this is followed by confrontation with stereotypes and prejudices that are deeply rooted and often perceived as facts. In view of the abovementioned negative educational structure of the Roma population, the dissertation seeks to provide a deeper insight into the work of civil society organizations in support of Roma children towards social inclusion in the education system. The research topic was focused on analyzing the programs and activities of civil society organizations (hereinafter referred to as CSOs) and analyzing and examining the effectiveness of their support when it comes to the inclusion of Roma children in the education system. The research was carried out in four cities in AP Vojvodina: Novi Sad, Subotica, Sombor and Kikinda, while monitoring will include programs and activities implemented in the school year 2017/2018 by CSOs that have the goals related to the inclusion of Roma defined in their Statute.The scientific significance of this research is reflected in the systematization and deepening of knowledge about civil society organizations and their contributions, ranges, potentials and perspectives in the process of inclusion of Roma children in the educational system. The proliferation of scientific knowledge about the impact of civil society organizations in this context is certainly a prerequisite for a better understanding of the policy of social inclusion of Roma children in the education system and the promotion of inclusive practice itself. Social importance is reflected in: - pointing out the contributions of CSOs to the educational inclusion of Roma children, 10 - providing a more complete picture of the work of CSOs in the context of social inclusion, - gaining the insight into the current problems of the Roma population. In addition, this research can offer opportunities to consider long-term and sustained support in developing CSO capacities and more effective engagement of CSOs in the context of social inclusion of Roma children in the education system. In that sense, the practical benefit could be the integration of effective CSO programs and activities into official social and/or educational policies and/or measures. The research relies on qualitative and quantitative methods, and is descriptive and explanatory in its character. In addition, the work relies on analyzing the content of relevant public documents, legal regulations and statistical data. Using the socio-metric method, the aspects of the social relations of Roma pupils within the class were investigated, i.e. their socio-metric status in the peer group as a basis for assessing the degree of involvement/exclusion of Roma children who are beneficiaries of CSO programs and activities in relation to children from the general population and other Roma children in the education system. The sample comprised of 179 Roma pupils aged 9 and 10, from 8 primary schools (fourth grades) with a high percentage of Roma children in these cities; of which 76 pupils were beneficiaries of programs and activities of CSOs (40 girls and 36 boys), and the remaining 103 were not included in these programs and activities (57 girls and 46 boys). Additionally, through appropriate interviews (through a pre-structured questionnaire), representatives of CSOs which in their Statute cite the inclusion of Roma as one of the goals were examined. These questionnaires tend to examine the current state of CSOs (current programs and activities) and the self-assessment of the capacity to work with Roma children, as well 11 as the degree of cooperation with primary schools and other relevant actors in this context. After that, 28 teachers from the mentioned schools, from selected cities from the territory of AP Vojvodina were interviewed (through a pre-structured questionnaire). Finally, through the interview, 24 Roma families will be examined; 12 Roma families whose children are involved in CSO programs and activities and 12 Roma families whose children are not beneficiaries of CSO programs and activities. Analyzing the obtained results, i.e. programs and activities of CSOs, as well as cooperation and cooperation between CSOs, schools, Roma parents and other relevant actors, it was established that CSOs provide significant support to Roma children in the education system. The work also points to a conflict or discrepancy between the needs of the community and the available resources of the CSOs in the territory of AP Vojvodina. That is, the research findings clearly suggest that the main barriers are financial instability and unsustainability, lack of cooperation with schools, and the lack of adequate support from the city and/or the state, or the entire community. Namely, despite the lack of financial and other resources, if we look at the findings of the survey, or objective indicators collected from school files, we must recognize the positive impact of CSOs and their significant role in creating support for Roma pupils in the education system.