Geotehnički efekti razaranja komunalnog otpada različitim postupcima zbijanja

Abstract

Odlaganje otpada na komunalne deponije predstavlja osnovni naĉin zbrinjavanja otpada u Srbiji. Kako bi se prostor za deponovanje materijala racionalno koristio potrebno ga je svakodnevno zbijati sa unapred definisanom koliĉinom vode koja se dodaje. Dobro zbijeni komunalni otpad zauzima manju zapreminu i omogućuje sigurnije skladištenje, pa je korisno prethodno laboratorijski odrediti parametre zbijanja: maksimalnu suvu zapreminsku teţinu (dmax) i optimalnu vlaţnost (wopt). U Srbiji do sada nisu odreĊivani parametri zbijanja, dok je u svetu primenjivana standardna metoda (Proktorov opit) koja se koristi u mehanici tla. MeĊutim, iako je ova metodologija usvojena, razliĉiti tretmani komunalnog otpada na samoj deponiji ukazuju na potrebu za promenom ovog klasiĉnog pristupa. U doktorskoj disertaciji je prikazan nov pristup tokom izvoĊenja Proktorovog opita i to promenom klasiĉnog ravnog Proktorovog malja, dodavanjem šiljaka, ĉija je funkcija pored zbijanja, delimiĉno razaranje i usitnjavanje komunalnog otpada. Na ovaj naĉin se simulira rad kompaktora (jeţeva) na terenu. Laboratorijska ispitivanja su vršena na veštaĉki formiranim uzorcima komunalnog otpada sa dve deponije u Srbiji (Ada Huja i Plandište). Formirano je ukupno 14 uzoraka u sedam razliĉitih sastava. Za svaki unapred definisan sastav raĊeno je zbijanje u Proktorovom kalupu klasiĉnim ravnim i maljem sa šiljcima. Kako bi se odredio efekat razaranja, pre i nakon izvoĊenja Proktorovih opita odreĊen je granulometrijski sastav. Interpretacijom i analizom laboratorijskih ispitivanja, izvedeno je nekoliko zakljuĉaka. Uzorci koji su zbijani Proktorovim opitom sa inovativnim maljem sa šiljcima su dali više maksimalne suve zapreminske teţine u odnosu na one koji su zbijani ravnim maljem, uz smanjenje optimalne vlaţnosti na većini uzoraka. Razaranje komunalnog otpada zbijanjem sa dve vrste malja (definisano granulometrijskim sastavom) odreĊeno je kvantativno koeficijentom razaranja (r). Naime, analizom ovog koeficijenta dolazi se do zakljuĉka da malj sa šiljcima daje bolji efekat razaranja u odnosu na ravan malj. Pored toga, uzorci sa većim sadrţajem veštaĉkih komponenti skloniji su razaranju u odnosu na one sa više sadrţaja zemljaste frakcije.

Disposal of waste at municipal landfills is the basic way of disposal of waste in Serbia. To rationally use the space for depositing materials, it is necessary to compact it daily with a pre- defined amount of water that is added. Well-compacted municipal waste occupies a smaller volume and enables safe storage, so it is useful to determine the compaction parameter in advance in the laboratory: maximum dry unit weight (dmax) and optimum moisture contents (wopt). Compaction parameters have not been determined in Serbia until now, while in the world the standard method (Proctor compaction test) used in soil mechanics has been applied. However, although this methodology has been adopted, the different treatments of municipal waste at the landfill point to the need to change this classic approach. In the doctoral dissertation, a new approach was presented during the performance of Proctor's test, by changing the classic Proctor's hammer, by adding spikes, which function, beside the compaction, is partial destruction of municipal waste. In this way, the work of the compactor is simulated in the landfill. Laboratory tests were performed on artificially formed samples of communal waste from two landfills in Serbia (Ada Huja and Plandište). A total of 14 samples were formed in seven different compositions. For each predefined composition, compaction of samples was done in a Proctor mold with classic hammer and hammer with a spikes. To define the destruction effects, the granulometric composition was determined before and after the Proctor tests. Through the interpretation and analysis of laboratory tests, several conclusions were drawn. Samples compacted by Proctor's test with the innovative hammer with spikes showed higher maximum dry unit weights than those compacted with a classic hammer, with a decrease in optimum moisture content for the most samples. The destruction of municipal waste by compaction using two types of hammers (defined by the granulometric composition) is determined quantitatively by the coefficient of destruction (r). Hence, the analysis of this coefficient leads to the conclusion that a hammer with spikes gives a better destruction effect compared to a classic hammer. In addition, samples with a higher content of artificial components are more prone to destruction than those with a higher content of the earthy fraction. Considering the amount of waste that is deposited in landfills in Serbia an innovative approach to the laboratory determination of municipal waste compaction parameters would make a significant practical contribution to waste management.