Ekološki činioci u međunarodnim odnosima - studija slučaja zemalja Magreba
Environmental factors in international relations - case study of Maghreb countries
Metapodaci
Prikaz svih podataka o disertacijiSažetak
Početkom ovog veka mnoge zemlje Magreba suočavaju se sa sličnim
problemima u vezi zaštite životne sredine i održivog razvoja. Prvo, one treba da
se prilagode klimatskim promenama. Prije tri decenije, zabeleženo je povećanje
temperature vazduha od skoro 2˚C u mnogim zemljama severne Afrike, što je
uticalo i na druge ekološke činioce kao što su smanjenje padavina, povećanje
nivoa mora i nestašice vode, zagađenje resursa, smanjenje biološke raznolikosti
i obradivog zemljišta, širenje pustinja, itd.
Zbog povećanja nestašice vode, kao i zagađenja vode, vazduha i drugih
resursa, mnoge zemlje Magreba suočavaju se sa povećanim brojem bolesti i
smrtnih slučajeva, posebno u Mauritaniji i Maroku. Zbog promena životne
sredine, zemlje Magreba imaju ekonomske i političke posledice kao što su štete
zbog prirodnih katastrofa, obnavljanje zagađenih vodnih resursa, sprovođenje
politike zaštite životne sredine u skladu sa međunarodnim sporazumima i
konvencijama, jačanje institucija i poboljšanje saradnje.... Takođe, političke
posledice uključuju ekološke migracije, kao i izbijanje sukoba za vodu i druge
oskudne resurse u zemljama Magreba.
Iako su neke zemlje Magreba preduzele određene mere zaštite životne
sredine kao što su projekti za pošumljavanje da bi se sprečilo širenje pustinje u
Mauritaniji i Maroku ili obnavljanje vegetacije u stepama Alžira, ističemo
saradnju sa Evropskom unijom u okviru EUROMED-a. EUROMED predstavlja
evro-mediteransko partnerstvo za projekte u različitim oblastima - ekonomije,
životne sredine, energetike, zdravstva, migracija i kulture. Neki projekti
EUROMED-a obuhvataju čišćenje zagađenja u Sredozemnom moru, uključujući
priobalje i morska zaštićena područja; zajednički programi civilne zaštite za
preveniju, pripremu i reagovanje na prirodne i katastrofe uzrokovane ljudskim
aktivnostima; i drugi.
Evropska unija i Sjedinjene Američke Države povećale su diplomatske
aktivnosti u zemljama Magreba, nakon što su se demonstracije poznate kao
arapsko proleće, prelile iz Tunisa tokom 2011. godine u druge zemlje i dovele
do masovnih protesta u Alžiru ili promena vlada u Tunisu i Libiji, ali i do
širenja nemira i nasilja u Egiptu i Bliskom Istoku.
U ovom radu proučavali smo organizaciju Afričke unije i regionalne
ekonomske zajednice kao što su zemlje Zajednice Sahel-Sahara (CEN-SAD),
Zajedničko tržište za istočnu i južnu Afriku (COMESA), Ekonomska zajednica
zapadnoafričkih država (ECOWAS), Međuvladina uprava za razvoj (IGAD) i
druge, sa ciljem promovisnja regionalne integracije i saradnje u ekonomskom
razvoju, zaštite životne sredine, bezbednosti hrane i održivog razvoja u Africi.
U vezi programa i aktivnosti specijalizovanih agencija Ujedinjenih nacija
u zemljama Magreba, ističemo brojne projekte, programe i godišnje izveštaje
UNEP-a i FAO-a o zaštiti životne sredine i održivom razvoju ili jačanju
institucija kao što su Odbor za bezbednost hrane i održivi razvoj i Afrički centar
za klimu u okviru UN Ekonomske komisije za Afriku - UNECA, i mnoge
druge.
At the beginning of this century many Maghreb countries are dealing
with similar problems regarding their environmental protection and
sustainable development. First, they have to adopt to climate changes. Three
decades ago, an increase in air temperature of almost 2˚C has been recorded in
many countries in north Africa, and it has affected to other environmental
factors such as drop in rainfall, increasing of sea level and water scarcity,
pollution of resources, reduction of biodiversity and arable land,
desertification, etc.
Due to increased water scarcity, pollution of water, air and other
resources many Maghreb countries are facing with increased number of
illnesses and deaths especially in Mauritania and Morocco. According to those
environmental changes, Maghreb countries have economic and political
consequences such as damages caused by natural disasters, restoration of
polluted water resources, implementation environmental policies due to
international agreements and conventions..., strengthening institutions and
improving cooperation. Political consequences also include environmental
migration, as well as the outbreak of conflicts for water and other scarce
resources in the countries of the Maghreb.
Although some Magreb countries have taken certain measures for
environmental protection such as projects for reforestation to prevent
desertification in Mauritania and Morocco, or restoring vegetation in the
steppes of Algeria, we point out the cooperation with EU such as EUROMED.
EUROMED represents Euro-Mediterranean Partnership Projects in different
areas - economic, environmental, energy, health, migration, and culture. Some
of the projects of EUROMED include cleaning the pollution of the
Mediterranean Sea, including coastal and marine protected areas; joint civil
protection programs for the prevention, preparation and response to natural
and disasters caused by human activities; and others.
The European Union and the United States have increased diplomatic
activities in the countries of the Maghreb, after the demonstrations known as
the Arab Spring, has spilled over from Tunisia in 2011 to other countries and
led to mass protests in Algeria, or a change of government in Tunisia and
Libya, but also to spread unrest and violence in Egypt and the Middle East.
In this work we have studied the organization of the African Union and
regional economic communities such as the Community countries Sahel-Sahara
(CEN-SAD), Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), Intergovernmental
Authority for Development (Intergovernmental Authority on development -
IGAD) and the other, with the aim of promoting regional integration and
cooperation in economic development, environmental, food safety and
sustainable development in Africa.
Regarding programs and activities of the United Nations specialized
agencies in the countries of the Maghreb, we pointed out many UNEP and
FAO projects, programmes and annual reports regarding environmental
protection and sustainable development, or capacity building such as
Committee on Food Security and Sustainable Development, and The African
Climate Policy Centre by UN Economic Commission for Africa – UNECA, and
many others.