Ekološki i društveni značaj rešavanja problema napuštenih pasa na teritoriji grada Kruševca

Abstract

Predmet istraživanja ovog rada jeste definisanje sveobuhvatnog, efikasnog i delotvornog sistema rešavanja problema napuštenih pasa u gradu Kruševcu. Cilj ovog rada je realno i konkretno poboljšanje zoohigijenske situacije u Kruševcu, kroz edukaciju građana, primenu programa humanog hvatanja vakcinacije, sterilizacije, čipovanja i vraćanja na lokaciju napuštenih pasa, kontrole brojnosti populacije, kao i zbrinjavanja mladunaca i pasa kojim a je potrebna nega. Osnovna hipoteza (H) glasi: Analiza postupaka, navika i predrasuda građanstva, kao i demekoloških, zdravstvenih i bihejvioralnih karakteristika populacije napuštenih pasa u Kruševcu, omogućiće razvoj i implementaciju programa upravljanja ovom populacijom, što će posledično rezultirati kontrolom brojnosti populacije napuštenih pasa, kvalitetnijim odnosom i životom ljudi i pasa, unapređenjem urbane i ruralne sredine sa restauraciju i očuvanje ekološke ravnoteže u gradu. Posebne hipoteze glase: H1 - Rešavanje problema napuštenih pasa je uslovljeno finansijskim sredstvima građana i gradske uprave. H2 – Generator problema su vlasnici koji se ponašaju prema modelu neodgovornog vlasništva. H3 – Implementacija programa uhvati-steriliši-vakciniši-mikročipuj-vrati je, uz promociju i podsticaj udomljavanju, efikasnija i višestruko jefitinija. Shodno definisanom predmetu i cilju istraživanja, a u skladu sa istraživačkim hipotezama, definisane su metode istraživanja. Obzirom da istraživana tema obuhvata ispitivanja ekoloških, socio-ekonomskih, zdravstvenih, kao i elemenata zaštite životne sredine, vezanih za problem napuštenih pasa, metode su uključile ekološka, zoološka, veterinarska, bihejvioralna, sociološka i ekonomska istraživanja, dopunjena deduktivno-iskustvenim metodama, koje su se oslanjale na praktična iskustva u ovoj delatnosti. Metodom uzorkovanja, prikupljanja i obrade podataka, i posledičnom komparativnom analizom, dobijeni su podaci o varijablama koje su u direktnoj ili obrnutoj korelaciji, nakon čega je izvršeno njihovo poređenje. Dobijeni podaci grupisani su metodom sinteze u cilju izvođenja zaključaka. Metoda uzrokovanja obezbedila je mogućnost zaključivanja na reprezentativnim uzorcima, u konkretnom slučaju u polju svih uzrasnih i obrazovnih grupa građana grada Kruševca. U cilju analize prikupljenih podataka korištena je metoda kvantitativne analize. Istraživanja vršena tokom izrade ove doktorske disertacije mogu se podeliti u dve osnovne grupe: 1) teorijska istraživanja, 2) praktična (terenska i laboratorijska) istraživanja. Teorijska istraživanja obuhvatila su analizu istorijskih činjenica i zakonske regulative, koja se odnosi na problematiku napuštenih pasa. Praćena je evolucija legislativa u oblasti zaštite životinja i problema populacija napuštenih pasa u raznim zemljama sveta i dat komparativni prikaz analognih legislativa u Srbiji. Pri tome su korišćene induktivne i deduktivne metode, metode analize i sinteze, metode generalizacije i specijalizacije, kao i metod dokazivanja i opovrgavanja. Analitičkom metodom izvršen je kritički pregled desetogodišnjih aktivnosti zoohigijenske službe JKP "Kruševac", kao i planiranih aktivnosti. Komparativnom metodom određen je stepen uspešnosti ovih aktivnosti, a deduktivnom metodom, oslanjajući se na bihejvioralna, patofiziološka, mikrobiološka, parazitološka, sociološka i istraživanja u oblasti zakonodavstva, izveden zaključak te predložene korekcije pravca i strukture delovanja. Specifičnosti praktičnih (terenskih i laboratorijskih) istraživanja vršenih u ovom radu su određene nepredvidivim uzorkom i brojem varijabli vezanih za njihove karakteristike, jer se stanje (brojčano, zdravstveno, bihejvioralno) na terenu svakodnevno menja, uz mogućnost neočekivanog kretanja životinja, pojave bolesti i slično. Sa aspekta socijalne ekologije, metodom posmatranja pri terenskim istraživanjima analizirano je kretanje i ponašanje pasa na javnim mestima, a metodom anketiranja odnos ljudi prema ispitivanoj problematici. Istraživanja u okviru prihvatilišta za napuštene pse, u okviru Javnog komunalnog preduzeća Kruševac, bila su fokusirana na zdravstveno stanje uhvaćenih pasa. Laboratorije veterinarske službe izvršile su fiziološka, mikrobiološka i parazitološka ispitivanja. Teorijska istraživanja su sprovedena u periodu između februara 2013. i januara 2016. godine. Praktična, terenska istraživanja bihejvioralnih uzoraka kod populacije napuštenih pasa, kao i anketno ispitivanje građana Kruševca, sprovedena su u maju 2016. godine. Posmatranje tipova ponašanja pasa vršeno je u ukupnom trajanju od 120 posmatračkih sati. Radi dobijanja rezultata koji će realno oslikati stavove građana Kruševca u odnosu na populacije napuštenih pasa, anketiranje je vršeno metodom "od vrata do vrata", pri čemu su svi prisutni ukućani imali priliku izraziti svoje stavove. U uvodnom delu ankete, građani su zamoljeni da preciziraju starost, nivo obrazovanja, pol. Ukupan broj anketnih listića podeljen građanima Kruševca iznosio je 700. Od ukupnog broja podeljenih listića, vraćeno je 627 listića, od kojih je 91 listić odbačen kao nevalidan. Preostalih 536 anketih listića su upotrebljeni u procesu analize stava javnosti prema različitim aspektima problematike napuštenih pasa u gradu. Anketa se sastojala od 40 pitanja, na koja su građani odgovarali zaokruživanjem odgovora najpribližnijeg svom stavu. Istraživanja u okviru prihvatilišta za napuštene pse, u okviru Javnog komunalnog preduzeća Kruševac, bila su fokusirana na zdravstveno stanje uhvaćenih pasa. Laboratorije veterinarske službe izvršile su fiziološka, mikrobiološka i parazitološka ispitivanja. Biohemijski i hematološki parametri periferne krvi populacije napuštenih pasa određivani su u uzorku sačinjenom od 71 odraslog psa (31 mužjak, 40 ženki), po prijemu u prihvatilište zoohigijenske službe JKP "Kruševac" u periodu od novembra 2013. do januara 2016. godine.Parazitološka ispitivanja vršena su direktnim mikroskopiranjem. Rezultati anketnog ispitivanja ukazali su na ključni problem koji je potrebno rešavati, odnosno neodgovorno vlasništvo i većinsku neobaveštenost da ono predstavlja i prekršajno i krivično delo. Direktna indikovana aktivnost na rešavanju ovog generatora istraživanog problema jeste trajan program edukacije kroz blisku saradnju sa građanima i organizacijama za zaštitu životinja. U poređenju sa ponašanjem vlasničkih pasa koji su na ulici bez kontrole, utvrđeno je da su napušteni psi četverostruko manje agresivni prema ljudima, da je gotovo tri puta verovatnije da će prema ljudima pokazati prijateljsko ponašanje i da će se češće polačiti, nego napadati. Naučni doprinos istraživanja ogleda se u potvrđivanju hipoteza u naučno utemeljenom istraživačkom procesu kojim su utvrđene konkretne slabe tačke trenutnog programa rešavanja problema napuštenih pasa, i definisani načini na koje je moguće brzo, jeftino i lako uvesti potrebne izmene, koje će dovesti do trajnog rešavanja problema a u skladu sa zahtevima za dobrobit životinja i zahtevima za bezbednost građana.

The dissertation focused on defining a comprehensive, efficient and effective system for solving the problem of stray dogs in the city of Krusevac. The aim of this work is to develop a program that could enable real and concrete improvement of zoo-hygienic situation in Krusevac, through education of citizens, implementation of the methods for humane capturing, vaccination, sterilization, microchipping and returning to the location of abandoned dogs, control of population size, as well as shelter care for pups and dogs, while those are in the need of care. The general hypothesis (H) is: The analysis of citizens' actvities, habits and prejudices and demecological, health and behavioral characteristics of the population of stray dogs in Krusevac, will enable the development and implementation of the management program , which will consequently result in the control of stray dog population size, quality relationship and the life of both people and dogs, improvement of urban and rural areas with the restoration and preservation of ecological balance in the city. Specific hypotheses are: H1 - Solving the problem of abandoned dogs is conditioned by citizens' and city administration fundings. H2 - Generator of the problem are the owners who exhibit irresponsible ownership. H3 - Implementation of the program catch-sterilize-vaccinate-microchip-release, with the promotion and encouragement of adoption is both more efficient and cheaper. According to the defined objectives and purpose of the research, and in accordance with the research hypotheses, research methods were defined. Since the researched topic includes ecological, socio-economic, health and environmental protection elements, related to the stray dogs problem, methods have included ecological, zoological, veterinary, behavioral, sociological and economic research, complemented by deductive-empirical methods, relying on practical experience. Methods of sampling, data collection and processing, and the consequent comparative analysis, provided data on variables that are in direct or inverse correlation, which were subsequently compared. The data were grouped by the method of synthesis for the purpose of drawing conclusions. The sample method provided the possibility of concluding on representative samples, in this particular case including all ages and educational groups of citizens of Krusevac. In order to analyse the collected data the method of quantitative analysis was used. The research conducted during the development of this doctoral thesis can be divided into two basic groups: 1) theoretical studies, 2) practical (field and laboratory) research. Theoretical studies included the analysis of historical facts and legal regulations relating to the issue of stray dogs. The evolution of legislation in the field of animal protection was studied as well as the problem stray dogs in various countries thus providing the basis for comparative analysis with the analogous legislations in Serbia. The inductive and deductive methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, generalization and specialization methods, and methods of proof and disproof were utilised. By means of analytical method, a critical review of ten years of service activities zoohygienic PUC "Krusevac", as well as the planned activities was performed. The comparative method determined the level of success of of those activities, while the deductive method, relying on behavioral, pathophysiological, microbiological, parasitological, sociological and legislative research, provided conclusions that indicated desirable corrections in the direction and structure of the activities. Specifics of practical (field and laboratory) researches carried out in this work, are determined by the unpredictable pattern and number of variables related to their characteristics, because the situation (in numbers, medical, behavioral) in the field changed daily, with the possibility of an unexpected movement of animals, diseases and the like. From the aspect of social ecology, field observation method analysed the movement and behavior of dogs in public places, while the method of surveying assessed the attitude of people towards the issues examined. The research carried out in the dog shelter, within the Public utility company Krusevac, was focused on the health status of the captured dogs. Laboratory veterinary service performed the physiological, microbiological and parasitological tests on stray dogs delivered to the shelter. Theoretical studies were conducted between February 2013 and January 2016. Practical, field studies of behavioral patterns amongst the stray dogs, as well as the survey testing of citizens of Krusevac, was conducted in May 2016. Behavioral survey was carried out for a total of 120 observation hours. In order to obtain results that will realistically portray the attitudes of the citizens of Krusevac in relation to the population of stray dogs, a survey was conducted by "door to door" method, where all family members present had the opportunity to express their views. In the introductory section of the survey, citizens were asked to specify the age, level of education, sex. Total number of questionnaires granted to citizens of Krusevac was 700. Of the total number of divided leaves, 627 ballots were returned, 91 of which were rejected as invalid. The remaining 536 surveys ballots were used in the analysis of public attitudes towards various aspects of the problem of stray dogs in the city. The survey consisted of 40 questions to which citizens responded to by circling answers closest to their his attitude. The investigation into the health status of stray dog population in Krusevac included physiological, microbiological and parasitological tests. Biochemical and hematological parameters of peripheral blood population of stray dogs were determined in a sample composed of 71 adult dogs (31 males, 40 females), after being receiced into the shelter run by the zoohygienic service of Public utility company "Krusevac" during the period from November 2013 to January 2016 godine. Parasitological tests were done by direct microscopy. The results of a survey indicated the key issue to be resolved is indeed the irresponsible ownership followed by the general ignorance about it being qualified both as minor offence and criminal act. Direct indicated activity in solving this problem is continuous education program in close cooperation with citizens and organizations for the protection of animals. Comparison between the behavior of owned dogs that are on the street out of control and stray dogs, it was found that stray dogs were far less aggressive toward people, almost three times more likely to show friendly approach and sixfold more likely to retreat than to attack. The scientific contribution of the research is in confirming the hypothesis in scientific research-based process, determining specific weaknesses of the current program for solving the problem of stray dogs, and defining ways in which it is possible to quickly, cheaply and easily make necessary changes that will lead to a permanent solution to the problem, in accordance with the requirements of animal welfare and requirements for the safety of citizens.