Uticaj uslova gajenja i sezone rođenja na dobrobit teladi u prvom mesecu života

Abstract

Dobrobit teladi predstavlja jedno od najznaĉajnijih polja istraţivanja u oblasti dobrobiti domaćih ţivotinja. Zbog izuzetne osetljivosti, posebno u prvom mesecu ţivota, telad zahteva posebnu paţnju i negu. Najveći uticaj na dobrobit teladi, posebno u periodu posle roĊenja, imaju uslovi gajenja, obezbeĊeni od strane ĉoveka (ishrana, smeštaj, razliĉiti odgajivaĉki postupci i dr.), kao i mikroklimatski faktori - ĉiji je uticaj stalno prisutan, promenljivog je karaktera i u zavisnosti je od sezone roĊenja teladi. U procesu proizvodnje postoje brojni faktori rizika koji mogu nepovoljno da utiĉu na dobrobit teladi, a koji se mogu razvrstati u tri grupe: faktore rizika vezane za ishranu, za uslove drţanja i za organizaciju procesa proizvodnje. Ocena kvaliteta dobrobiti teladi vrši se na osnovu procene odreĊenih merljivih pokazatelja, odnosno indikatora. U zavisnosti od toga da li se odnose na same ţivotinje ili na tehnologiju gajenja, indikatori dobrobiti mogu se podeliti na direktne ili indirektne. Direktni se odnose na zdravstveno, fiziološko, emocionalno i bihejvioralno stanje teladi (telesna masa, kondicija, pojava bolesti, povrede, abnormalno ponašanje, bol, strah, stres i frustracije), dok su indirektni vezani za ţivotnu sredinu (indikatori resursa, uslovi smeštaja i mikroklimatski faktori), tehnologiju odgoja (uslovi ishrane i napajanja) i menadţment (postupci odgajivaĉa). Cilj ovog rada odnosi se na sagledavanje indikatora dobrobiti teladi u našim uslovima gajenja, identifikaciju najznaĉajnijih faktora rizika u prvom mesecu ţivota i otkrivanju najznaĉajnijih problema vezanih za dobrobit teladi. Istraţivanje se temeljilo na utvrĊivanju kvaliteta dobrobiti teladi, sagledavanju najznaĉajnijih faktora rizika po dobrobit teladi i analizi uslova gajenja na osnovu indikatora dobrobiti i faktora rizika. Istraţivanje uticaja uslova gajenja i sezone roĊenja na faktore rizika i indikatore dobrobiti teladi u prvih 30 dana ţivota, sprovedeno je na dve farme sa intenzivnim naĉinom proizvodnje mleka, farma A i farma B. Istraţivanje je trajalo godinu dana, a ceo period je bio podeljen na dvanaest meseci, odnosno na 4 kalendarske sezone (jesen, zima, proleće, leto)...

The welfare of calves is one of the most important aspects in the field of research of farm animal welfare. Due to the extreme susceptibility, especially in the first month of life, calves require special attention and care. The biggest impact on the calves welfare, especially in the period after birth, have the rearing conditions provided by man (food, housing, different breeding methods, etc.), and microclimate factors - whose influence is always present and has variable quality and it is related to the calving season. In the production process there are many risk factors that may adversely affect the welfare of calves, which can be classified into three groups: the risk factors related to nutrition, housing conditions and the production process organization. Calves welfare quality assessment has been conducted on the basis of rating specific measurable indicators. Depending on whether it is related to the animals itself or to the production technology, indicators of welfare can be divided into direct and indirect. Direct indicators are related to medical, psychological, emotional and behavioral status of calves (body weight, body condition, the occurrence of illness, injury, abnormal behavior, pain, fear, stress and frustration), while indirect indicators are related to the environment (indicators of resources, housing conditions and microclimate factors), calves breeding technology (feeding conditions and water supply) and management (breeding procedures). The aim of this research relates to review the indicators of calves welfare in rearing conditions in our country, identifying the most important risk factors in the first month of life and determination of the most important issues related to the calves welfare. The research is based on determining the quality of the calves' welfare, reviewing the most significant risk factors for the calves welfare and analysis of rearing conditions on the basis of welfare indicators and risk factors. Investigation of the impact of rearing conditions and season of birth on the risk factors and indicators of calves' welfare in the first 30 days of calves life was conducted on two farms with intensive method of milk production, farm A and farm B...