Mogućnosti i optimizacija sletanja na južnu hemisferu Marsa
Possibilities and optimization of landing on the southern hemisphere of Mars
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Skoro 40 godina nakon prvog uspesnog sletanja na Mars, istrazivanje njegove povrsine
pomocu kosmickih letelica i dalje predstavlja ogroman naucni i tehnoloski izazov.
Ovo se pre svega odnosi na Marsove juzne visoravni, koje se protezu na velikom delu
njegove juzne hemisfere, na koje do sada nije izvrseno nijedno uspesno sletanje. Sa
druge strane, na severne nizije, koje se prostiru na velikom delu severne hemisfere, do
sada je izvrseno 7 uspesnih sletanja. Ova razlika je posledica specicne topograje
Marsove povrsine usled takozvane globalne ili hemisfericne dihotomije Marsa, koja
predstavlja jedinstvenu karakteristiku u Suncevom sistemu. Usled razlike u elevaci-
jama povrsine, letelice koje slecu na juzne visoravni imaju na raspolaganju tanji sloj
atmosfere koji mogu da iskoriste za disipaciju kineticke energije. Buduci da letelice
sa interplanetarnih putanja ulaze u atmosferu Marsa hiperbolickim brzinama, nji-
hova kineticka energija je veoma velika i mogucnost da se ona smanji kroz i...nterakciju
sa atmosferom je od odlucujuceg znacaja za sletanje na lokacije sa velikom elevaci-
jom.
Osim topografske razlike izmed-u severnih nizija i juznih visoravni, postoji i velika
razlika u broju udarnih kratera izmed-u ovih oblasti, sto ukazuje na veliku razliku u
starosti. Procenjuje se da su juzne visoravni nekoliko milijardi godina starije nego
severne nizije, koje su u relativno bliskoj proslosti bile izlozene snaznoj vulkanskoj
aktivnosti. Ovako velika razlika u starosti predstavlja motivaciju za istrazivanje
celokupne povrsine Marsa u cilju razumevanja njegove slozene geoloske evolucije.
Osim toga, veliki broj otvorenih basena, koji su otkriveni na juznim visoravnima,
ukazuju na to da su ove regije u proslosti mogle biti prekrivene tecnom vodom, sto
predstavlja jedan od najznacajnijih razloga za istrazivanje ovih lokacija...
Almost 40 years after the rst successful landing on Mars, exploration of its surface
still presents enormous scientic and technological challenge. This particularly holds
for the Mars southern highlands, which cover large part of the southern hemisphere
where no successful landings have been achieved up to date. On the other hand, in
the northern lowlands, which spans most of the northern hemisphere, there has been
7 successful landings. This difference is consequence of the specic topography of the
Martian surface due to so-called global or hemispheric dichotomy, which is a unique
characteristic in the Solar system. Due to the difference in the surface elevations, the
vehicle trying to land on the southern highlands has thinner layer of the atmosphere
that can use for the dissipation of its kinetic energy. Since the vehicles from the
interplanetary trajectories enter the Martian atmosphere with hyperbolic velocities,
their kinetic energy is extremely large and possibility for its diss...ipation through
the interaction with the atmosphere has crucial importance for the landing on the
locations with high elevations.
Beside the differences in topography between northern lowlands and southern
highlands, there is also a big difference in the number of impact craters between these
two regions. This fact indicates that the southern highlands are several billion years
older than the northern lowlands, which were exposed to strong volcanic activity in
the relatively recent past. Such huge difference in age is strong motivation to explore
the entire surface of Mars in order to understand its complex geological evolution. In
addition, large number of open basins discovered in the southern highlands suggests
that these regions could contain liquid water in...