Uloga bajki u analitičkoj psihoterapiji

Abstract

Bajka je - bilo da je reč o usmenoj narodnoj pripovetci ili o umetničkoj formi – poput mita univerzalni fenomen od izuzetne vrednosti i njeni se arhetipski motivi javljaju u svim kulturama i epohama poznate istorije. Njoj se podjednako raduju odrasli i deca a ona svojim narativnim sklopom oblikuje pojedinca i društvo. Otuda je polazna ideja rada da bajka predstavlja izuzetno važan izvor informacija o psihološkom ustrojstvu, dinamici i razvoju pojedinca. Uprkos tome njeno mesto i uloga su u gotovo svim savremenim psihološkim i psihoterapijskim tokovima nepravedno zanemareni a ukoliko joj psiholozi posvećuju pažnju onda to čine kada je dovode u vezu sa funkcionisanjem detinjeg uma a kada je reč o ostalim razvojnim stupnjevima gotovo da ne vide kakvu ulogu igra u njima. Nasuprot dominantnog psihoterapijskog trenda koji omalovažava ili potiskuje značaj upotrebe bajki u psihoterapiji, u analitičkoj psihologiji Karla Gustava Junga bajka zauzima značajno mesto. Nekada se koristi kao psihološka građa na kojoj će se demonstrirati ustrojstvo i dinamika ljudske psihe i njenog razvoja a povremeno će se upotrebljavati kao oruđe psihoterapijskog rada. U radu demonstriram, oslanjajući se na učenje analitičke psihologije i njenih metoda poput arhetipske hermeneutike, amplifikacije i narativne analize, kako se motivi bajki javljaju na raznolike, najčešće skrivene, potpražne načine, tokom svih faza analitičke psihoterapije. Ujedno izložem savremene poglede na nastanak, migraciju i funkciju bajki u književnoj teoriji, folkloristici i antropologiji, budući da su spomenute teorije u značajnoj meri uticale na shvatanje bajki u psihologiji. Bajke otkrivamo u klijentovim snovima, potisnutim sećanjima, ličnim narativima, ranim traumama, fantazijama ili asocijacijama. Ukoliko je sam analitičar za njih otvoren, bajke će se javiti i u njegovim amplifikacijama i u transferno-kontratransfernom odnosu. Analiza bajki još služi kao oruđe boljeg i potpunijeg razumevanja pacijentovih problema, kompleksa, zastoja u razvoju kao i u otkrivanju njegovih još neaktuelizovanih psihičkih potencijala izrastanja i promene. Spomenuti načini i postupci kako se bajka može koristiti tokom analitičkog procesa u radu su potkrepljeni brojnim primerima iz psihoterapijske prakse.

Fairy tales (including oral folk tales and literary fairy tales) are universal cultural phenomena of the great importance, and their archetypal motifs can be found in all cultures and epocs of the known history. Both children and grown ups find them amusing and thrilling since their narrative form shapes individuals as well as cultures. The guiding idea of this research is that fairy tales are very important and rich source for understanding the psychical structure, dynamics and development of the individual. Despite of this fact, the role and place of the fairy tales in our contemporary psychological and psychotherapeutic field is underestimated and sparse. If they are taken into account by chance, this only happens due to the child’s psychology and development and without any references for some other developmental phases. Inspite of the present psychotherapeutic standpoint that undermines the role and the importance of the fairytales, the analytical psychology of Carl Gustav Jung gives prominent place to them. Jungians often use fairytales as a psychological metaphor for structure and dynamics of the human psyche, while sometimes they use them in clinical practice as a means of psychotherapeutc interventions. In my thesis I am exemplifying, having in mind tenents of analytical psychology and the qualitative methods of research like archetypal hermeneutics, amplification and narrative analysis, the ways (most often very subtle ones) fairytales are present in everyday analytical practice. Also, I ofer an rather comprehensive description of current anthropological, folkloristic and literary teachings which all cope with questions such as where and how fairytales developed, the ways they disseminate throughout the world and what is their function in the human psyche as well. Fairytales are important subject in the theory of literature, folklor studies, anthropology and all these research from those fields made great contribution and influence on understanding the fairytales in the field of analytical psychology and psychotherapy. During analysis one find motifs from fairytales in the client’s dreams, repressed memories, associations, personal narratives, early traumas or phantasies. When the analyst is open to the fairy tales their motives will also surface in transference-countertransference and amplifications, for example. The analysis of fairy tales in analytical practice help in better and deeper understanding of patient’s problems, complexes, developmental shortcomings and unrealised psychic possibilities for growth and individuation as well. Theoretical understanding of the fairy tales from Jungian perspective are accompanied with examples from the analytical practice