Procena izloženosti hemijskim opasnostima u hrani animalnog porekla

Abstract

Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se izvrši kvantitativna procena izloženosti stanovništva Srbije hemijskim opasnostima u hrani životinjskog porekla. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćeni: aflatoksin M 1 u mleku i proizvodima od mleka, histamin u svežoj, zamrznutoj i konzerviranoj ribi, toksični elementi (kadmijum, živa i arsen) u svežoj, zamrznutoj i konzerviranoj ribi i plodovima mora, esencijalni elementi (cink, bakar i gvožđe) u konzerviranoj ribi i plodovma mora i aditivi (nitriti, sulfiti i fosfati) u proizvodima od mesa. Ovaj cilj je ispunjen sprovođenjem istraživanja o potrošnji hrane životinjskog porekla na uzorku stanovništva u Srbiji i analizom sadržaja hemijskih opasnosti u proizvodima sa domaćeg tržišta. Dobijeni podaci su iskorišćeni kao ulazni elementi za Monte Karlo simulacionu metodu i na taj način je dobijena procena izloženosti navedenim hemijskim opasnostima u hrani životinjskog porekla. Istraživanja o navikama odraslog stanovništva Srbije u konzumiranju namirnica animalnog porekla su sprovedena u skladu sa preporukama koje je dala Evropska agencija za bezbednost hrane (engl. EFSA – European Food Safety Authority). Upitnik o konzumiranju mleka i proizvoda od mleka i upitnik o konzumiranju ribe, plodova mora i njihovih proizvoda su sprovedeni tokom 2018. godine na uzorku od 1.000 ispitanika, a upitnik o konzumiranju proizvoda od mesa tokom 2017. godine na uzorku od 900 ispitanika. Rezultati pokazuju da je potrošnja mleka u Srbiji u okviru prosečne potrošnje u evropskim zemljama, a potrošnja ribe neznatno manja od nekih evropskih zemalja, ali da se proizvodi od mesa u Srbiji konzumiraju u prekomernim količinama. Vrednosti koncentracija aflatoksina M 1 u sirovom mleku (385 uzoraka) i proizvodima od mleka (556 uzoraka) dobijene su iz analiza sprovedenih u periodu od četiri godine (2015 - 2018). Paralelno su analizirani uzorci hrane za životinje na prisustvo aflatoksina B 1 (747 uzoraka) u periodu od pet uzastopnih godina (2014 -2018). Rezultati ukazuju na to da nisu uvedene efikasne mere za kontrolu razvoja gljivica koje proizvode aflatoksine u hrani za životinje, što i dalje rezultira u povećanoj koncentraciji aflatoksina B 1 u hrani za životinje i, posledično, aflatoksina M 1 u sirovom mleku. Postignut je značajan napredak u smanjenju koncentracije aflatoksina M 1 u proizvodima od mleka u odnosu na prethodni period, za razliku od sirovog mleka, gde napredak postoji, ali je mnogo manji. Industrija mleka je odigrala ključnu ulogu u smanjenju nivoa izloženosti stanovništva aflatoksinu M 1 u proizvodima od mleka pooštravanjem kontrole ulazne sirovine i finalnih proizvoda. Monte Karlo simulacijom sa 100.000 iteracija dobijen je procenjeni dnevni unos aflatoksina M 1 u rasponu od 0,062–0,076 ng/kg tm/dan, u zavisnosti od metode prikupljanja podataka o ishrani i primenjenih scenarija. Dobijene vrednosti ukazuju na umerene rizike izloženosti u poređenju sa sličnim studijama koje su sprovedene širom sveta. Prikupljeni uzorci sveže, zamrznute i konzervirane ribe i plodova mora analizirani su tokom pet godina (2014 - 2018). Određivanje sadržaja histamina izvršeno je na 974 uzoraka ribe i proizvoda; kadmijuma na 1.909, žive na 1.911 i arsena na oko 1.891 uzorku ribe i morskih plodova i njihovih proizvoda, a određivanje sadržaja bakra, cinka i gvožđa na 454 uzorka ribe i morskih plodova u konzervi. Monte Karlo metodom procenjen je prosečni dnevni unos kroz konzumiranje ovih namirnica za: histamin (0,0274 mg/kg tm/dan), kadmijum (0,0347 mg/kg tm/dan), živu (0,2426 mg/kg tm/dan), arsen (0,5576 mg/kg tm/dan), bakar (1,2241 mg/kg tm/dan), cink (5,4634 mg/kg tm/dan) i gvožđe (9,2231 mg/kg tm/dan)...

he aim of this research was to perform a quantitative assessment of the exposure of the population of Serbia to chemical hazards in foods of animal origin. The study included: aflatoxin M1 in milk and dairy products; histamine, toxic (cadmium, mercury and arsenic) and essential elements (zinc, copper and iron) in fish and; additives (nitrites, sulphites and phosphates) in meat products. This goal was met by conducting surveys on food consumption in a sample of the local population and analyzing the content of chemical hazards in food products on the local market. The data obtained were used as input elements for the Monte Carlo simulation method, and thereby, estimates of the exposure to the stated chemical hazards in foods of animal origin were obtained. Research on the consumption habits of the adult Serbian population with regard to food of animal origin was conducted in accordance with the recommendations given by European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A questionnaire on the consumption of milk and dairy products and a questionnaire on the consumption of fish, seafood and their products were administered in 2018 to a sample of 1,000 respondents, and the questionnaire on the consumption of meat products was administered in 2017 to a sample of 900 respondents. The results show that the consumption of milk in Serbia is within the average consumption in European countries, and the consumption of fish is slightly lower than in some European countries, but that meat products in Serbia are consumed in excessive quantities. The concentrations of aflatoxin M 1 in raw milk (385 samples) and dairy products (556 samples) were obtained from analyses conducted over four years (2015-2018). In parallel, animal feed samples were analyzed for the presence of aflatoxin B 1 (747 samples) over five consecutive years (2014-2018). The correlation between the measured concentrations of aflatoxin B 1 in animal feed and aflatoxin M 1 in raw milk and dairy products was monitored. The results indicate that no effective measures have been introduced to control the development of aflatoxin-producing fungi in animal feed, which is still resulting in high concentrations of aflatoxin M 1 in raw milk. Compared to the previous period, significant progress has been made in reducing the concentration of aflatoxin M 1 in dairy products, in contrast to raw milk, where some progress has been made, but to a much lesser extent. The dairy industry has played a key role in reducing the level of exposure of the population to aflatoxin M 1 in dairy products by tightening the control of input raw materials and final products. The Monte Carlo simulation with 100,000 iterations yielded an estimated daily intake of aflatoxin M 1 in the range of 0.062-0.076 ng/kg bw/day, depending on the method of collecting dietary data and the scenarios used. These amounts indicate moderate exposure risks compared to similar studies worldwide. Samples of fresh, frozen and canned fish and seafood were analyzed over five years (2014-2018). Determination of histamine content was performed on 974 fish samples; cadmium on 1,909, mercury on 1,911 and arsenic on 1,891 samples of fish and seafood and products, and determination of copper, zinc and iron content on 454 samples of canned fish and seafood. The Monte Carlo method estimated the average daily intake through the consumption of fish: histamine (0.0274 mg/kg bw/day), cadmium (0.0347 mg/kg bw/day), mercury (0.2426 mg/kg bw/day), arsenic (0.5576 mg/kg bw/day), copper (1.2241 mg/kg bw/day), zinc (5.4634 mg/kg bw/day) and iron (9.2231 mg/kg bw/day)...