Kontaminiranost javnih površina jajima parazita pasa na teritoriji Kruševca

Abstract

Značaj helminta (geohelminta) i drugih zoonotskih parazita je dobro poznat u svetskim i domaćim okvirima i shodno tome istraživanje sprovedeno u okviru ove doktorske disertacije, po prvi put u Kruševcu, pruža odgovore na aktuelno epidemiološko stanje javnih površina istraživanog područja sa ciljem da se ono popravi i učini životnu sredinu bezbednijom po zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Uzorci psećeg fecesa, zemljišta i peska su sakupljani u dva intervala tokom 2018. god., s proleća (maj) i u jesen (oktobar), na osnovu pokazatelja bioklimatskih uslova. Sa 21 javne površine na gradskom području Krševca, gde je velika koncentracija ljudi, posebno dece, uzoci psećeg fecesa i zemljišta sakupljani su iz vrtića, parkova, trgova i parka za pse, dok su uzorci peska sakupljani sa površina peskolova iz vrtića. Tokom oba perioda prikupljeno je 300 uzoraka fecesa, 270 uzoraka po 20g zemljišta i 150 uzoraka po 20g peska. Uzorci zemljišta sa jedne lokacije su pomašani, pakovani kao uzorak od 100 g, broj je zavisio od veličine lokacije i dobijeno je 54 grupnih uzoraka zemljišta. Uzorci peska iz jednog peskolova su pomašani, pakovani kao uzorak od 100 g i dobijeno je 30 grupnih uzoraka peska. U labaratoriji za parazitologiju, Naučnog instituta za veterinarstvo Srbije, pregled svežih uzoraka fecesa izvršen je metodama nativnog preparata i flotacije, dok je pregled zemljišta i peska na prisustvo jaja parazita izvršen sedimentaciono-flotacionom metodom po Pavloviću. Statističko testiranje razlika frekvencija atributivnih obeležja vršeno je primenom χ2 testa. Na javnim površinama u Kruševcu ustanovljeno je prisustvo nematoda (Ancylostomatidae spp., T. canis, S. stercoralis, T. leonine, T. vulpis), cestoda (D. caninum, Taenia spp.) i protozoa (G. duodenalis, Amoeba spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora spp.). U vrtićima, parkovima i trgovima ukupna rasprostranjenost nematoda u uzorcima psećeg fecesa je bila 54,6%, zemljišta 49,1% i peska 53,5%, cestoda 26,3%, 26,8% i 31,0% i protozoa 19,1%, 24,1% i 15,5%. U posebno analiziranom parku za pse rasprostranjenost nematoda u uzorcima fecesa je bila 46,7% i zemljišta 60,0%, cestoda 40,0% i 40,0%, protozoa 13,3%, dok se u uzorcima zemljišta pokazalo njihovo odsustvo. Najzastupljenije su bile najvažnije zonotske vrste T. canis 29,1% u uzorcima fecesa i 50,0% u uzorcima zemljišta i Ancylostomidae spp. 40,1% i 46,2%. U uzorcima peska je bila najrasprostranjenija Ancylostomidae spp. 73,3%, zatim D. caninum 36,7%, dok je rasprostranjenost T. canis i G. duodenalis bila 26,7%. Sezonska raspodela parazitskih infekcija pasa sa 3 ili 4 vrste parazita bila je značajno veća u maju 39,4% u odnosu na oktobr kada nije pronađen ni jedan pozitivan uzorak sa 3 ili 4 vrsta parazita. Analizom vrste parazita u odnosu na period značajno više pozitivnih uzoraka fecesa sa S. stercoralis je bilo u maju u poređenju sa oktobrom, kao i značajno više pozitivnih uzoraka zemljišta sa D. caninum, dok je značajno više pozitivnih uzoraka zemljišta sa G. duodenalis bilo u oktobru u poređenju sa majom. U maju značajno više je bilo pozitivnih uzoraka zemljišta sa T. canis i D. caninum u odnosu na pseći feces. Pseći feces, zemljište i pesak sa javnih površina u Kruševcu u velikoj meri su kontaminirani crevnim parazitima pasa što ukazuje da ispitivane javne površine mogu biti izvor infekcija ljudi i životinja. Radi minimiziranja kontaminacije javnih površina jajima crevnih parazita pasa i rizika od prenosa zoonoza potrebno je preduzeti predložene mere.

The importance of helminths (geohelminths) and other zoonotic parasites is very well known, both worldwide and in Serbia. The research conducted for the purpose of this doctoral thesis has been performed in Kruševac for the first time and it provides answers to the current epidemiological situation in the researched public areas with the aim at improving the situation and making the environment safer for the health of humans and animals. Samples of canine faeces, soil and sand were collected twice during 2018 – in spring (May) and in autumn (October) – based on bioclimatic indicators. From 21 public areas with a high concentration of people, especially children, in urban Kruševac, samples of canine faeces and soil were collected from kindergartens, parks, squares and dog parks, whereas samples of sand were collected from sand areas in kindergartens. During both collecting periods, 300 samples of faeces, 270 samples of soil (20g each) and 150 samples of sand (20g each) were collected. The samples of soil from one location were mixed and packed as a 100g sample; the number depended on the size of the location and 54 group samples were obtained. The samples of sand from one sand area were mixed and packed as a 100g sample and 30 group samples were obtained. In the parasitology laboratory of the Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia, the examination of fresh faecal samples was performed by means of direct smear and flotation, whereas the examination of soil and sand for the presence of parasite eggs was performed using flotation and sedimentation technique developed by Pavlović. For statistical testing of the difference between the frequencies of attributes χ2 test was applied. In public areas of Kruševac nematodes (Ancylostomatidae spp., T. canis, S. stercoralis, T. leonine, T. vulpis), cestodes (D. caninum, Taenia spp.) and protozoa (G. duodenalis, Amoeba spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora spp.) were detected. In kindergartens, parks and squares the overall prevalence of nematodes was 54,6% in the samples of canine faeces, 49,1% in the samples of soil and 53,5% in the samples of sand; the overall prevalence of cestodes was 26,3%, 26,8% and 31,0% respectively; and the overall prevalence of protozoa was 19,1%, 24,1% and 15,5% respectively. In a separately analysed dog park, the prevalence of nematodes was 46,7% in the samples of canine faeces and 60,0% in the samples of soil; the prevalence of cestodes was 40,0% and 40,0% respectively; and the prevalence of protozoa was 13,3% in the samples of canine faeces, whereas they were not found at all in the samples of soil. The most prevalent zoonotic types were the following: T. canis (29,1% in the samples of faeces and 50,0% in the samples of soil) and Ancylostomidae spp. (40,1% and 46,2% respectively). In the samples of sand, Ancylostomidae spp. was the most prevalent type (73,3%), followed by D. caninum (36,7%), whereas the prevalence of T. canis and G. Duodenalis was 26,7%. Seasonal distribution of parasitic infections in dogs with three or four parasites involved was significantly higher in May (39,4%) in comparison with October when no single positive sample containing three or four parasites was found. Analysing the types of parasites according to the period of the year, significantly more faecal samples containing S. stercoralis were found in May compared to October, as well as significantly more soil samples contaminated with D. Caninum; on the other hand, there were significantly more soil samples containing G. duodenalis in October in comparison with May. In May, there were significantly more soil samples with T. canis and D. caninum in comparison with canine faeces. Canine faeces, soil and sand from public areas in Kruševac are heavily contaminated with intestinal canine parasites which indicates that the examined public areas may be a source of infection in people and animals. In order to minimize contamination of public areas with canine parasites and reduce the risk of zoonoses transmission, it is necessary to adhere to the proposed measures.