Diverzitet i sezonska distribucija mikromiceta u vazduhu prostorija za konzervaciju objekata kulturne baštine

Abstract

Sprovedeno je istraživanje diverziteta mikromiceta i monitoring koncentracije vijabilnih fungalnih propagula u vazduhu 20 odabranih prostorija za konzervaciju predmeta kulturne baštine i vazduha neposredne okoline, tokom 4 sezone 2014/2015. Dokumentovane su visoke vrednosti koncentracije spora u vazduhu tokom celog perioda uzorkovanja, posebno tokom prolećnog i letnjeg perioda u prostorijama sa visokim RH vrednostima. U uzorcima vazduha identifikovano je ukupno 74 vrste gljiva a najbrojnije su bile Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp. Na osnovu dobijenih vrednosti relativne gustine i relativne učestalosti, najzastupljeniji aerogeni izolati iz ispitivanih prostorija su bili pripadnici Cladosporium i Penicillium vrsta. Na osnovu in vitro testova biodeterioracije aerogenih izolata Aspergillus, Penicillium i Talaromyces vrsta pokazana je sposobnost produkcije ekstracelularnih enzima, kiselina i pigmenata, formiranja mikogenih minerala i hemolitička aktivnost. Takođe, urađena je mikološka analiza kamene stele koja je bila na konzervacijskom tretmanu i zabeležen je visok nivo kolonizacije i deterioracije kamenog suspstrata što odgovara dobijenoj vrednosti indeksa deterioracije. Dokumentovana je sposobnost produkcije kiselih i baznih metabolita, produkcije pigmenata, solubilizacija krečnjaka i formiranje mikogenih minerala autohtonih izolata sa stele. Na kraju, analiziran je antifungalni potencijal odabranih etarskih ulja, metil salicilata i benzalkonijum hlorida na aerogenim izolatima Aspergillus spp. i Penicillium spp. a najjača antifungalna aktivnost je zabeležena za benzalkonijum hlorid i etarsko ulje Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Rezultati molekularnog dokinga dominantnih komponenti etarskih ulja su bili u korelaciji sa jačinom antifungalne aktivnosti ispitivanih biocida.

Diversity and monitoring of viable fungal propagules was investigated in the air of 20 selected cultural heritage conservation premises as well as in the outdoor air during 4 seasons of the 2014/2015 period. High spore loads were determined in the air during the study period, especially during spring and summer in the rooms with high RH values. A total of 74 fungal species were documented while most numerous species were Aspergillus spp. (19) and Penicillium spp. (15). According to obtained relative frequency and relative density values, the most frequent airborne isolates were Cladosporium spp. and Penicillium spp. In vitro biodeterioration tests were applied on airborne Aspergillus, Penicillium and Talaromyces isolates and production of extracellular enzymes, acids and pigments was demonstrated as well as the ability to form mycogenic minerals and hemolytic activity. Ancient stone stela, which was on conservation treatment during the study period, was investigated and a high degree of biological colonization as well as deterioration of stone substrata was detected, corresponding to obtained index of deterioration value. Additionally, production of acid and alkaline metabolites, pigment production, carbonate solubilization and biogenesis of secondary mycogenic minerals was determined by autochtonous isolates from stone stela. Finally, antifungal potential of selected essential oils, metyl salicylate and benzalconium chloride was evaluated on airborne Aspergilli and Penicillia. The strongest antifungal activity was demonstrated for benzalconium chloride and Cinnamonum zeylanicum essential oil. Results of the molecular docking of the main essential oils componnents were in excellent correlation with the documented antifungal activity of the examined biocides.