Fonemske i tvorbene karakteristike žargonizama u turskom jeziku sa osvrtom na leksikografiju

Abstract

Žargon je specifičan jezik kojim govore ljudi određene društvene sredine, klase, grupe, profesije i zanata, a koji je za druge grupe nerazumljiv. Danas su mnoge reči iz ovog specifičnog jezika ušle u govorni jezik, a preko njega i u književni. Tokom istorije, stav prema žargonskom jeziku se menjao; prvobitno se vezivao za vulgarni i jezik ljudi sa margine društva, da bi se vremenom stigma smanjivala i danas bio prihvaćen kao sastavni deo komunikacije. Danas žargon obeležava svaku pojedinačnu supkulturu i može biti pronađen u jeziku različitih socijalnih klasa, godina, pola i profesionalnih grupa. Žargon, iako zanimljiva tema za istraživanje, probudio je interesovanje u svetu nauke tek u prošlom stoleću, a pre toga broj dela koji se bavio ovom tematikom bio je minimalan. U Turskoj je bilo malo radova na ovu temu i ne može se reći da su joj se istraživači posvetili u dovoljnoj meri, prvenstveno jer se jezik kosio sa moralnim načelima društva. Danas se ta situacija menja i primetno je da interesovanje za izučavanje ovog specifičnog jezika u okviru naučnih krugova raste zajedno sa sve većim uplivom žargonizama u jezik. U prilog tome svedoči porast štampanih rečnika žargona, zbornika radova, naučnih članaka, kao i seminarskih radova koji se bave izučavanjem ove teme koja je nepresušni izvor inspiracije. Nasuprot tome, žargonski jezik već duže vreme prisutan je u književnim delima, prvenstveno kao vid portretisanja jedne socijlane grupe kako bi se pružila realistična slika jednog društva. Zatim, u filmskoj industriji, gde je upotreba žargonskih reči i izraza u potpunosti prihvaćena, a pojedini izrazi su preko filma svoje mesto našli u svakodnevnoj komunikaciji. Pored toga, žargonska upotreba primetna je i na turskoj televiziji u kvizovima koji obrađuju turski jezik gde su, pored reči iz standarnog jezika, u značajnoj meri zastupljene žargonske reči i izrazi. Ovo je primer koji pokazuje da je žargon izašao iz senke i da doživljava novi, sasvim drugačiji pristup. Leksika žargona je podložna vrlo brzim promenama, a nove reči nastaju na sledeće načine: upotrebljavanjem postojećih turskih reči s novim značenjem, prihvatanjem tuđih reči u izvornom ili izmenjenom obliku, ali u prenesenom značenju, dodavanjem turskih sufiksa na ove reči, izmišljanjem novih reči po uzoru na postojeće ili kao rezultat asocijacija na neke karakteristične osobine reči.

Jargon is a specific language used by people from different walks of life, class, group, professions and trade, but not easily understood by other groups. Today, many jargonis became the part of the spoken language, through which they became the part of literature. During history, the attitude toward the jargonis has been changing. Originally, it was connected to the vulgar language used by the outcasts, but as time went by, the stigma decreased and today it is accepted as a substantial part of communication. Today, jargon characterizes a single subculture and it can be found in a language of different walks of life, gender and professions. Although it is an interesting topic for research, jargon increased the popularity in the world of linguistic in the past century, and before that a number of works dealing with this topic was minimal. In Turkey, there weren’t enough research papers on this topic, and it is difficult to say that researchers were dedicated enough, especially because this kind of language was opposite to moral standards of society. Today, the situation is changing and the interest for researching this particular language within scientific circles has been increasing together with entering of jargons into the language. Accordingly, there is an increased number of published dictionaries, articles, seminar papers and journals who are dealing with this topic which is a source of inspiration. By contrast, jargon has long been present in literary works, primarily as a kind of portrayal of a social group in order to provide a realistic picture of one society. Then, in the film industry, where the use of jargon words and expressions is completely accepted, and some expressions through the film are their place in everyday communication. In addition, jargon use is also notable on Turkish television in quizzes that handle the Turkish language where, besides the word from the standard language, there is a significant representation of jargon words and expressions. This is an example that shows that jargon came out of the shade and experiences a new, completely different approach. The lexicon of the jargon is subject to very rapid changes, and new words are created in the following ways: by using the existing Turkish words with a new meaning, by accepting others' words in the original or altered form, but in the transferred meaning, by adding Turkish suffixes to these words, invoking new words by the example of existing or as a result of associations to some characteristic properties of the word.