Nasleđe republikanizma u delima Emila Dirkema

Abstract

Rad predstavlja doprinos istraživanju uticaja republikanskog nasleđa na sociološku teoriju i političke ideje Emila Dirkema. Republikansko nasleđe u našem radu ima dvostruki karakter. Sa jedne strane, podrazumeva uticaj klasika političke filozofije: Platon, Aristotel, Makijaveli, Monteskje i Ruso. Sa druge strane, predstavlja istorijsko nasleđe koje donosi Francuska revolucija i dve republike (Prva i Treća). U radu smo postavili okvir – jedinične ideje republikanizma – koji nam je omogućio da na željeni način pristupimo istraživanju nasleđa jedne političke tradicije u Dirkemovoj teoriji. Republikanske jedinične ideje opšte volje, etosa jednakosti i (moralne) regeneracije društva predstavljaju osnovu našeg poduhvata. Prvu jediničnu ideju opšte volje poredili smo sa Dirkemovim pojmom kolektivne svesti i društvene činjenice. Ukazali smo na važne sličnosti koje se nisu mogle javiti kao proizvod slučajnosti. Druga jedinična ideja nam ukazuje na republikanske izvore Dirkemovog shvatanja svojine i meritokratije. Na kraju, u slučaju treće jedinične ideje republikanizma uočavamo kako je ova politička tradicija transformisana i sublimirana u Dirkemovom shvatanju uloge kriminaliteta. Ove ideje smo iskoristili radi boljeg razumevanja određenih elemenata Dirkemove sociološke teorije, ali i predloga reforme francuskog društva koji je promovisao. Smatramo da je korporacija, kao osnova reforme koju Dirkem predlaže, inspirisana željom za oživljavanjem modela (kvazi)republika. Korporacije za Dirkema čine osnovu uspostavljanja meritokratskog društva, ali i nove teritorijalne organizacije Francuske.

The work presents a contribution to the research of the influence of the Republican heritage on the sociological theory and political ideas by Émile Durkheim. In our work, the Republican heritage has a double character. On the one hand, it implies the influence of classics of political philosophy: Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Montesquieu and Rousseau. On the other hand, it represents the historical heritage brought by the French Revolution and two republics (the First and the Third French Republic). In this paper, we have set up a framework – the unit-ideas of republicanism – which has enabled us to approach the research of the heritage of a political tradition in Durkheim’s theory in the desired way. The Republican unit-ideas of general will, ethos of equality and (moral) regeneration of a society are the basis of our endeavor. We compared the first unit-idea of general will with Durkheim’s notion of collective consciousness and social facts. We pointed to the important similarities that could not be reported as a product of coincidence. The second unit idea shows us the Republican sources of Durkheim’s understanding of property and meritocracy. In the end, in the case of the third unit idea of republicanism, we notice that this political tradition has been transformed and sublimated in Durkheim’s understanding of the role of crime. We used these ideas for the better understanding of certain elements of Durkheim’s sociological theory, but also of the French reform proposal of the society that he upheld. We believe that the corporation, as the basis of the reform suggested by Durkheim, is inspired by the desire to revive the model of the (quasi) republics. For Durkheim, corporations constitute the basis of the establishment of a meritocratic society, but also of the new territorial organization of France.